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Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs

There is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of Indian cobra (Naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in Sri Lanka. Dogs with cobra bites presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 m...

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Autores principales: Adhikari, Ranjith, Suriyagoda, Lalith, Premarathna, Amal, De Silva, Niranjala, Dangolla, Ashoka, Mallawa, Chandima, Silva, Indira, Gawarammana, Indika
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7694019/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33147770
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110694
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author Adhikari, Ranjith
Suriyagoda, Lalith
Premarathna, Amal
De Silva, Niranjala
Dangolla, Ashoka
Mallawa, Chandima
Silva, Indira
Gawarammana, Indika
author_facet Adhikari, Ranjith
Suriyagoda, Lalith
Premarathna, Amal
De Silva, Niranjala
Dangolla, Ashoka
Mallawa, Chandima
Silva, Indira
Gawarammana, Indika
author_sort Adhikari, Ranjith
collection PubMed
description There is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of Indian cobra (Naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in Sri Lanka. Dogs with cobra bites presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 months; local and systemic clinical manifestations and hematological abnormalities were recorded. We studied 116 cobra bite envenomings in dogs. A grading system was established using a combination of anatomical site of fang marks, as well as local and systemic clinical manifestations. Accordingly, treatment strategies were established using Indian polyvalent antivenom (AVS). Pain and swelling at the bite site were major clinical signs observed, while neurotoxic manifestations (mydriasis, wheezing, and crackles) were detected in most dogs. Leukocytosis was observed in 78% of them. Statistical analysis revealed that the grading scores obtained were compatible to initiate AVS administration according to the severity. The minimum number required was 2 AVS vials (range 2–12). Almost 20% of the dogs developed wheezing, crackles, hypersalivation, restlessness, and dyspnea as adverse reactions to AVS treatment. Necrotic wounds on bitten anatomical sites developed in 19% of the dogs and 2.5% developed acute kidney injuries as a consequence of envenoming crisis. Despite treatment, 3% of dogs died. No dry bites were recorded.
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spelling pubmed-76940192020-11-28 Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs Adhikari, Ranjith Suriyagoda, Lalith Premarathna, Amal De Silva, Niranjala Dangolla, Ashoka Mallawa, Chandima Silva, Indira Gawarammana, Indika Toxins (Basel) Article There is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of Indian cobra (Naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in Sri Lanka. Dogs with cobra bites presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 months; local and systemic clinical manifestations and hematological abnormalities were recorded. We studied 116 cobra bite envenomings in dogs. A grading system was established using a combination of anatomical site of fang marks, as well as local and systemic clinical manifestations. Accordingly, treatment strategies were established using Indian polyvalent antivenom (AVS). Pain and swelling at the bite site were major clinical signs observed, while neurotoxic manifestations (mydriasis, wheezing, and crackles) were detected in most dogs. Leukocytosis was observed in 78% of them. Statistical analysis revealed that the grading scores obtained were compatible to initiate AVS administration according to the severity. The minimum number required was 2 AVS vials (range 2–12). Almost 20% of the dogs developed wheezing, crackles, hypersalivation, restlessness, and dyspnea as adverse reactions to AVS treatment. Necrotic wounds on bitten anatomical sites developed in 19% of the dogs and 2.5% developed acute kidney injuries as a consequence of envenoming crisis. Despite treatment, 3% of dogs died. No dry bites were recorded. MDPI 2020-11-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7694019/ /pubmed/33147770 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110694 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Adhikari, Ranjith
Suriyagoda, Lalith
Premarathna, Amal
De Silva, Niranjala
Dangolla, Ashoka
Mallawa, Chandima
Silva, Indira
Gawarammana, Indika
Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs
title Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs
title_full Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs
title_fullStr Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs
title_full_unstemmed Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs
title_short Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra (Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs
title_sort development of a treatment protocol for cobra (naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7694019/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33147770
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110694
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