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A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese

The chemical composition of milk can be significantly affected by different factors across the dairy supply chain, including primary production practices. Among the latter, the feeding system could drive the nutritional value and technological properties of milk and dairy products. Therefore, in thi...

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Autores principales: Bellassi, Paolo, Rocchetti, Gabriele, Nocetti, Marco, Lucini, Luigi, Masoero, Francesco, Morelli, Lorenzo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7825538/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419189
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010109
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author Bellassi, Paolo
Rocchetti, Gabriele
Nocetti, Marco
Lucini, Luigi
Masoero, Francesco
Morelli, Lorenzo
author_facet Bellassi, Paolo
Rocchetti, Gabriele
Nocetti, Marco
Lucini, Luigi
Masoero, Francesco
Morelli, Lorenzo
author_sort Bellassi, Paolo
collection PubMed
description The chemical composition of milk can be significantly affected by different factors across the dairy supply chain, including primary production practices. Among the latter, the feeding system could drive the nutritional value and technological properties of milk and dairy products. Therefore, in this work, a combined foodomics approach based on both untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics was used to shed light onto the impact of feeding systems (i.e., hay vs. a mixed ration based on hay and fresh forage) on the chemical profile of raw milk for the production of hard cheese. In particular, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) was used to investigate the chemical profile of raw milk (n = 46) collected from dairy herds located in the Po River Valley (Italy) and considering different feeding systems. Overall, a total of 3320 molecular features were putatively annotated across samples, corresponding to 734 unique compound structures, with significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two feeding regimens under investigation. Additionally, supervised multivariate statistics following metabolomics-based analysis allowed us to clearly discriminate raw milk samples according to the feeding systems, also extrapolating the most discriminant metabolites. Interestingly, 10 compounds were able to strongly explain the differences as imposed by the addition of forage in the cows’ diet, being mainly glycerophospholipids (i.e., lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylcholines), followed by 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-4′-O-glucuronide, 5a-androstan-3a,17b-diol disulfuric acid, and N-stearoyl glycine. The markers identified included both feed-derived (such as phenolic metabolites) and animal-derived compounds (such as lipids and derivatives). Finally, although characterized by a lower prediction ability, the metagenomic profile was found to be significantly correlated to some milk metabolites, with Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Dermabacteraceae establishing a higher number of significant correlations with the discriminant metabolites. Therefore, taken together, our preliminary results provide a comprehensive foodomic picture of raw milk samples from different feeding regimens, thus supporting further ad hoc studies investigating the metabolomic and metagenomic changes of milk in all processing conditions.
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spelling pubmed-78255382021-01-24 A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese Bellassi, Paolo Rocchetti, Gabriele Nocetti, Marco Lucini, Luigi Masoero, Francesco Morelli, Lorenzo Foods Article The chemical composition of milk can be significantly affected by different factors across the dairy supply chain, including primary production practices. Among the latter, the feeding system could drive the nutritional value and technological properties of milk and dairy products. Therefore, in this work, a combined foodomics approach based on both untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics was used to shed light onto the impact of feeding systems (i.e., hay vs. a mixed ration based on hay and fresh forage) on the chemical profile of raw milk for the production of hard cheese. In particular, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) was used to investigate the chemical profile of raw milk (n = 46) collected from dairy herds located in the Po River Valley (Italy) and considering different feeding systems. Overall, a total of 3320 molecular features were putatively annotated across samples, corresponding to 734 unique compound structures, with significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two feeding regimens under investigation. Additionally, supervised multivariate statistics following metabolomics-based analysis allowed us to clearly discriminate raw milk samples according to the feeding systems, also extrapolating the most discriminant metabolites. Interestingly, 10 compounds were able to strongly explain the differences as imposed by the addition of forage in the cows’ diet, being mainly glycerophospholipids (i.e., lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylcholines), followed by 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-4′-O-glucuronide, 5a-androstan-3a,17b-diol disulfuric acid, and N-stearoyl glycine. The markers identified included both feed-derived (such as phenolic metabolites) and animal-derived compounds (such as lipids and derivatives). Finally, although characterized by a lower prediction ability, the metagenomic profile was found to be significantly correlated to some milk metabolites, with Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Dermabacteraceae establishing a higher number of significant correlations with the discriminant metabolites. Therefore, taken together, our preliminary results provide a comprehensive foodomic picture of raw milk samples from different feeding regimens, thus supporting further ad hoc studies investigating the metabolomic and metagenomic changes of milk in all processing conditions. MDPI 2021-01-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7825538/ /pubmed/33419189 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010109 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Bellassi, Paolo
Rocchetti, Gabriele
Nocetti, Marco
Lucini, Luigi
Masoero, Francesco
Morelli, Lorenzo
A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese
title A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese
title_full A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese
title_fullStr A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese
title_full_unstemmed A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese
title_short A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese
title_sort combined metabolomic and metagenomic approach to discriminate raw milk for the production of hard cheese
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7825538/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419189
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010109
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