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Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast

Sparkling wine made by the traditional method (Méthode Traditionelle) develops a distinct and desirable flavour and aroma profile attributed to proteolytic processes during prolonged ageing on lees. Microwave, ultrasound and addition of β-glucanase enzymes were applied to accelerate the disruption o...

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Autores principales: Gnoinski, Gail B., Schmidt, Simon A., Close, Dugald C., Goemann, Karsten, Pinfold, Terry L., Kerslake, Fiona L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7828459/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33450966
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020387
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author Gnoinski, Gail B.
Schmidt, Simon A.
Close, Dugald C.
Goemann, Karsten
Pinfold, Terry L.
Kerslake, Fiona L.
author_facet Gnoinski, Gail B.
Schmidt, Simon A.
Close, Dugald C.
Goemann, Karsten
Pinfold, Terry L.
Kerslake, Fiona L.
author_sort Gnoinski, Gail B.
collection PubMed
description Sparkling wine made by the traditional method (Méthode Traditionelle) develops a distinct and desirable flavour and aroma profile attributed to proteolytic processes during prolonged ageing on lees. Microwave, ultrasound and addition of β-glucanase enzymes were applied to accelerate the disruption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and added to the tirage solution for secondary fermentation in traditional sparkling winemaking. Scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry analyses were used to observe and describe yeast whole-cell anatomy, and cell integrity and structure via propidium iodide (PI) permeability after 6-, 12- and 18-months post-tirage. Treatments applied produced features on lees that were distinct from that of the untreated control yeast. Whilst control yeast displayed budding cells (growth features) with smooth, cavitated and flat external cell appearances; microwave treated yeast cells exhibited modifications like ‘doughnut’ shapes immediately after treatment (time 0). Similar ‘doughnut’-shaped and ‘pitted/porous’ cell features were observed on progressively older lees from the control. Flow cytometry was used to discriminate yeast populations; features consistent with cell disruption were observed in the microwave, ultrasound and enzyme treatments, as evidenced by up to 4-fold increase in PI signal in the microwave treatment. Forward and side scatter signals reflected changes in size and structure of yeast cells, in all treatments applied. When flow cytometry was interpreted alongside the scanning electron microscopy images, bimodal populations of yeast cells with low and high PI intensities were revealed and distinctive ‘doughnut’-shaped cell features observed in association with the microwave treatment only at tirage, that were not observed until 12 months wine ageing in older lees from the control. This work offers both a rapid approach to visualise alterations to yeast cell surfaces and a better understanding of the mechanisms of yeast lysis. Microwave, ultrasound or β-glucanase enzymes are tools that could potentially initiate the release of yeast cell compounds into wine. Further investigation into the impact of such treatments on the flavour and aroma profiles of the wines through sensory evaluation is warranted.
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spelling pubmed-78284592021-01-25 Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast Gnoinski, Gail B. Schmidt, Simon A. Close, Dugald C. Goemann, Karsten Pinfold, Terry L. Kerslake, Fiona L. Molecules Article Sparkling wine made by the traditional method (Méthode Traditionelle) develops a distinct and desirable flavour and aroma profile attributed to proteolytic processes during prolonged ageing on lees. Microwave, ultrasound and addition of β-glucanase enzymes were applied to accelerate the disruption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and added to the tirage solution for secondary fermentation in traditional sparkling winemaking. Scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry analyses were used to observe and describe yeast whole-cell anatomy, and cell integrity and structure via propidium iodide (PI) permeability after 6-, 12- and 18-months post-tirage. Treatments applied produced features on lees that were distinct from that of the untreated control yeast. Whilst control yeast displayed budding cells (growth features) with smooth, cavitated and flat external cell appearances; microwave treated yeast cells exhibited modifications like ‘doughnut’ shapes immediately after treatment (time 0). Similar ‘doughnut’-shaped and ‘pitted/porous’ cell features were observed on progressively older lees from the control. Flow cytometry was used to discriminate yeast populations; features consistent with cell disruption were observed in the microwave, ultrasound and enzyme treatments, as evidenced by up to 4-fold increase in PI signal in the microwave treatment. Forward and side scatter signals reflected changes in size and structure of yeast cells, in all treatments applied. When flow cytometry was interpreted alongside the scanning electron microscopy images, bimodal populations of yeast cells with low and high PI intensities were revealed and distinctive ‘doughnut’-shaped cell features observed in association with the microwave treatment only at tirage, that were not observed until 12 months wine ageing in older lees from the control. This work offers both a rapid approach to visualise alterations to yeast cell surfaces and a better understanding of the mechanisms of yeast lysis. Microwave, ultrasound or β-glucanase enzymes are tools that could potentially initiate the release of yeast cell compounds into wine. Further investigation into the impact of such treatments on the flavour and aroma profiles of the wines through sensory evaluation is warranted. MDPI 2021-01-13 /pmc/articles/PMC7828459/ /pubmed/33450966 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020387 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Gnoinski, Gail B.
Schmidt, Simon A.
Close, Dugald C.
Goemann, Karsten
Pinfold, Terry L.
Kerslake, Fiona L.
Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast
title Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast
title_full Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast
title_fullStr Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast
title_full_unstemmed Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast
title_short Novel Methods to Manipulate Autolysis in Sparkling Wine: Effects on Yeast
title_sort novel methods to manipulate autolysis in sparkling wine: effects on yeast
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7828459/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33450966
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020387
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