A prefrontal–paraventricular thalamus circuit requires juvenile social experience to regulate adult sociability in mice

Juvenile social isolation reduces sociability in adulthood, but the neural circuit mechanisms are poorly understood. We found that, in male mice, 2 weeks of social isolation immediately following weaning leads to a failure to activate medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons projecting to the posterior paraventricular thalamus (pPVT) during social exposure in adulthood. Chemogenetic or optogenetic suppression of mPFC->pPVT activity in adulthood was sufficient to induce sociability deficits without affecting anxiety-related behaviors or preference toward rewarding food. Juvenile isolation led to both reduced excitability of mPFC->pPVT neurons and increased inhibitory input drive from low-threshold spiking somatostatin interneurons in adulthood, suggesting a circuit mechanism underlying sociability deficits. Chemogenetic or optogenetic stimulation of mPFC->pPVT neurons in adulthood could rescue the sociability deficits caused by juvenile isolation. Our study identifies a pair of specific mPFC excitatory and inhibitory neuron populations required for sociability that are profoundly affected by juvenile social experience.