Precision genome editing in plants via gene targeting and subsequent break‐induced single‐strand annealing

Genome editing via artificial nucleases such as CRISPR/Cas9 has become popular in plants now. However, small insertions or deletions are major mutations and nucleotide substitutions rarely occur when DNA cleavage is induced. To induce nucleotide substitutions, a base editor utilizing dead or nickase‐type Cas9 fused with deaminase have been developed. However, the direction and position of practical substitution are still limited. In this context, homologous recombination (HR)‐mediated gene targeting (GT) has advantages because any mutations existing on the donor DNA are copied and passed onto the endogenous DNA. As HR‐mediated GT is extremely rare in higher plants, positive–negative selection has been used to isolate cells in which GT has occurred. After successful selection, positive selection marker is no longer needed and should ideally be eliminated. In a previous study, we reported a seamless piggyBac‐transposon‐mediated marker elimination system. Precision marker elimination efficiency in this system is very high. The piggyBac transposon integrates into the host genome at TTAA elements and excises without leaving a footprint at the excised site, so a TTAA sequence is necessary at the location of a positive selection marker. To compensate for this limitation, we have developed a novel marker elimination system using an I‐SceI break and subsequent single‐strand annealing (SSA)‐mediated DNA repair system.