Key Matrix Remodeling Enzymes: Functions and Targeting in Cancer

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen activators and cathepsins, as well as non-proteolytic enzymatic partners, such as heparanase and hyaluron-idases, play key roles in the propagation and metastatic potential of cancer cells. This article aims to revisit the main functions of major matrix remodeling molecules and their effects in cancer meta-static potential. Moreover, the epigenetic regulation mechanisms of these molecules are discussed, in addition to recent advances in their pharmacological targeting. Finally, novel data from ongoing clinical trials on several cancer types are also provided. Overall, this review delves into the im-portance of matrix remodeling partners in cancer metastasis and explores their targeting as a promising therapeutic option for cancer management. ABSTRACT: Tissue functionality and integrity demand continuous changes in distribution of major components in the extracellular matrices (ECMs) under normal conditions aiming tissue homeostasis. Major matrix degrading proteolytic enzymes are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plasminogen activators, atypical proteases such as intracellular cathepsins and glycolytic enzymes including heparanase and hyaluronidases. Matrix proteases evoke epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and regulate ECM turnover under normal procedures as well as cancer cell phenotype, motility, invasion, autophagy, angiogenesis and exosome formation through vital signaling cascades. ECM remodeling is also achieved by glycolytic enzymes that are essential for cancer cell survival, proliferation and tumor progression. In this article, the types of major matrix remodeling enzymes, their effects in cancer initiation, propagation and progression as well as their pharmacological targeting and ongoing clinical trials are presented and critically discussed.