Assessing the Role of Calmodulin’s Linker Flexibility in Target Binding

Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly-expressed Ca [Formula: see text] binding protein known to bind hundreds of protein targets. Its binding selectivity to many of these targets is partially attributed to the protein’s flexible alpha helical linker that connects its N- and C-domains. It is not well established how its linker mediates CaM’s binding to regulatory targets yet. Insights into this would be invaluable to understanding its regulation of diverse cellular signaling pathways. Therefore, we utilized Martini coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations to probe CaM/target assembly for a model system: CaM binding to the calcineurin (CaN) regulatory domain. The simulations were conducted assuming a ‘wild-type’ calmodulin with normal flexibility of its linker, as well as a labile, highly-flexible linker variant to emulate structural changes that could be induced, for instance, by post-translational modifications. For the wild-type model, 98% of the 600 simulations across three ionic strengths adopted a bound complex within 2 μs of simulation time; of these, 1.7% sampled the fully-bound state observed in the experimentally-determined crystallographic structure. By calculating the mean-first-passage-time for these simulations, we estimated the association rate to be [Formula: see text] 8.7 × 10 [Formula: see text] M [Formula: see text] s [Formula: see text] , which is similar to the diffusion-limited, experimentally-determined rate of 2.2 × 10 [Formula: see text] M [Formula: see text] s [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, our simulations recapitulated its well-known inverse relationship between the association rate and the solution ionic strength. In contrast, although over 97% of the labile linker simulations formed tightly-bound complexes, only 0.3% achieved the fully-bound configuration. This effect appears to stem from a difference in the ensembles of extended and collapsed states which are controlled by the linker flexibility. Therefore, our simulations suggest that variations in the CaM linker’s propensity for alpha helical secondary structure can modulate the kinetics of target binding.