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Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the most prevalent developmental disorder in childhood, is a biologically heterogenous condition characterized by impaired attention and impulse control as well as motoric hyperactivity and anomalous motor skill development. Neuropsychological testing often...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8134834/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34041478 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab093 |
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author | Detrick, Jordan A Zink, Caroline Rosch, Keri Shiels Horn, Paul S Huddleston, David A Crocetti, Deana Wu, Steve W Pedapati, Ernest V Wassermann, Eric M Mostofsky, Stewart H Gilbert, Donald L |
author_facet | Detrick, Jordan A Zink, Caroline Rosch, Keri Shiels Horn, Paul S Huddleston, David A Crocetti, Deana Wu, Steve W Pedapati, Ernest V Wassermann, Eric M Mostofsky, Stewart H Gilbert, Donald L |
author_sort | Detrick, Jordan A |
collection | PubMed |
description | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the most prevalent developmental disorder in childhood, is a biologically heterogenous condition characterized by impaired attention and impulse control as well as motoric hyperactivity and anomalous motor skill development. Neuropsychological testing often demonstrates impairments in motivation and reward-related decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, believed to indicate dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. Development of reliable, non-invasive, easily obtained and quantitative biomarkers correlating with the presence and severity of clinical symptoms and impaired domains of function could aid in identifying meaningful attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subgroups and targeting appropriate treatments. To this end, 55 (37 male) 8–12-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 50 (32 male) age-matched, typically-developing controls were enrolled in a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol—used previously to quantify cortical disinhibition in both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Parkinson’s Disease—with a child-friendly reward motivation task. The primary outcomes were reward task-induced changes in short interval cortical inhibition and up-modulation of motor evoked potential amplitudes, evaluated using mixed model, repeated measure regression. Our results show that both reward cues and reward receipt reduce short-interval cortical inhibition, and that baseline differences by diagnosis (less inhibition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) were no longer present when reward was cued or received. Similarly, both reward cues and reward receipt up-modulated motor evoked potential amplitudes, but, differentiating the two groups, this Task-Related-Up-Modulation was decreased in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Furthermore, more severe hyperactive/impulsive symptoms correlated significantly with less up-modulation with success in obtaining reward. These results suggest that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, short interval cortical inhibition may reflect baseline deficiencies as well as processes that normalize performance under rewarded conditions. Task-Related-Up-Modulation may reflect general hypo-responsiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to both reward cue and, especially in more hyperactive/impulsive children, to successful reward receipt. These findings support transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked cortical inhibition and task-induced excitability as biomarkers of clinically relevant domains of dysfunction in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8134834 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81348342021-05-25 Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Detrick, Jordan A Zink, Caroline Rosch, Keri Shiels Horn, Paul S Huddleston, David A Crocetti, Deana Wu, Steve W Pedapati, Ernest V Wassermann, Eric M Mostofsky, Stewart H Gilbert, Donald L Brain Commun Original Article Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the most prevalent developmental disorder in childhood, is a biologically heterogenous condition characterized by impaired attention and impulse control as well as motoric hyperactivity and anomalous motor skill development. Neuropsychological testing often demonstrates impairments in motivation and reward-related decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, believed to indicate dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. Development of reliable, non-invasive, easily obtained and quantitative biomarkers correlating with the presence and severity of clinical symptoms and impaired domains of function could aid in identifying meaningful attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subgroups and targeting appropriate treatments. To this end, 55 (37 male) 8–12-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 50 (32 male) age-matched, typically-developing controls were enrolled in a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol—used previously to quantify cortical disinhibition in both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Parkinson’s Disease—with a child-friendly reward motivation task. The primary outcomes were reward task-induced changes in short interval cortical inhibition and up-modulation of motor evoked potential amplitudes, evaluated using mixed model, repeated measure regression. Our results show that both reward cues and reward receipt reduce short-interval cortical inhibition, and that baseline differences by diagnosis (less inhibition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) were no longer present when reward was cued or received. Similarly, both reward cues and reward receipt up-modulated motor evoked potential amplitudes, but, differentiating the two groups, this Task-Related-Up-Modulation was decreased in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Furthermore, more severe hyperactive/impulsive symptoms correlated significantly with less up-modulation with success in obtaining reward. These results suggest that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, short interval cortical inhibition may reflect baseline deficiencies as well as processes that normalize performance under rewarded conditions. Task-Related-Up-Modulation may reflect general hypo-responsiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to both reward cue and, especially in more hyperactive/impulsive children, to successful reward receipt. These findings support transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked cortical inhibition and task-induced excitability as biomarkers of clinically relevant domains of dysfunction in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Oxford University Press 2021-05-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8134834/ /pubmed/34041478 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab093 Text en © The Author(s) (2021). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Detrick, Jordan A Zink, Caroline Rosch, Keri Shiels Horn, Paul S Huddleston, David A Crocetti, Deana Wu, Steve W Pedapati, Ernest V Wassermann, Eric M Mostofsky, Stewart H Gilbert, Donald L Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
title | Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
title_full | Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
title_fullStr | Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
title_full_unstemmed | Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
title_short | Motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
title_sort | motor cortex modulation and reward in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8134834/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34041478 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab093 |
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