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A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine
BACKGROUND: Empathy is pivotal to effective clinical care. Yet, the art of nurturing and assessing empathy in medical schools is rarely consistent and poorly studied. To inform future design of programs aimed at nurturing empathy in medical students and doctors, a review is proposed. METHODS: This s...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8140468/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34020647 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02697-6 |
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author | Zhou, Yi Cheng Tan, Shien Ru Tan, Chester Guan Hao Ng, Matthew Song Peng Lim, Kia Hui Tan, Lorraine Hui En Ong, Yun Ting Cheong, Clarissa Wei Shuen Chin, Annelissa Mien Chew Chiam, Min Chia, Elisha Wan Ying Lim, Crystal Wijaya, Limin Chowdhury, Anupama Roy Kwek, Jin Wei Fong, Warren Somasundaram, Nagavalli Ong, Eng Koon Mason, Stephen Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha |
author_facet | Zhou, Yi Cheng Tan, Shien Ru Tan, Chester Guan Hao Ng, Matthew Song Peng Lim, Kia Hui Tan, Lorraine Hui En Ong, Yun Ting Cheong, Clarissa Wei Shuen Chin, Annelissa Mien Chew Chiam, Min Chia, Elisha Wan Ying Lim, Crystal Wijaya, Limin Chowdhury, Anupama Roy Kwek, Jin Wei Fong, Warren Somasundaram, Nagavalli Ong, Eng Koon Mason, Stephen Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha |
author_sort | Zhou, Yi Cheng |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Empathy is pivotal to effective clinical care. Yet, the art of nurturing and assessing empathy in medical schools is rarely consistent and poorly studied. To inform future design of programs aimed at nurturing empathy in medical students and doctors, a review is proposed. METHODS: This systematic scoping review (SSR) employs a novel approach called the Systematic Evidence Based Approach (SEBA) to enhance the reproducibility and transparency of the process. This 6-stage SSR in SEBA involved three teams of independent researchers who reviewed eight bibliographic and grey literature databases and performed concurrent thematic and content analysis to evaluate the data. RESULTS: In total, 24429 abstracts were identified, 1188 reviewed, and 136 included for analysis. Thematic and content analysis revealed five similar themes/categories. These comprised the 1) definition of empathy, 2) approaches to nurturing empathy, 3) methods to assessing empathy, 4) outcome measures, and 5) enablers/barriers to a successful curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: Nurturing empathy in medicine occurs in stages, thus underlining the need for it to be integrated into a formal program built around a spiralled curriculum. We forward a framework built upon these stages and focus attention on effective assessments at each stage of the program. Tellingly, there is also a clear need to consider the link between nurturing empathy and one’s professional identity formation. This foregrounds the need for more effective tools to assess empathy and to better understand their role in longitudinal and portfolio based learning programs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12909-021-02697-6. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8140468 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81404682021-05-25 A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine Zhou, Yi Cheng Tan, Shien Ru Tan, Chester Guan Hao Ng, Matthew Song Peng Lim, Kia Hui Tan, Lorraine Hui En Ong, Yun Ting Cheong, Clarissa Wei Shuen Chin, Annelissa Mien Chew Chiam, Min Chia, Elisha Wan Ying Lim, Crystal Wijaya, Limin Chowdhury, Anupama Roy Kwek, Jin Wei Fong, Warren Somasundaram, Nagavalli Ong, Eng Koon Mason, Stephen Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha BMC Med Educ Research BACKGROUND: Empathy is pivotal to effective clinical care. Yet, the art of nurturing and assessing empathy in medical schools is rarely consistent and poorly studied. To inform future design of programs aimed at nurturing empathy in medical students and doctors, a review is proposed. METHODS: This systematic scoping review (SSR) employs a novel approach called the Systematic Evidence Based Approach (SEBA) to enhance the reproducibility and transparency of the process. This 6-stage SSR in SEBA involved three teams of independent researchers who reviewed eight bibliographic and grey literature databases and performed concurrent thematic and content analysis to evaluate the data. RESULTS: In total, 24429 abstracts were identified, 1188 reviewed, and 136 included for analysis. Thematic and content analysis revealed five similar themes/categories. These comprised the 1) definition of empathy, 2) approaches to nurturing empathy, 3) methods to assessing empathy, 4) outcome measures, and 5) enablers/barriers to a successful curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: Nurturing empathy in medicine occurs in stages, thus underlining the need for it to be integrated into a formal program built around a spiralled curriculum. We forward a framework built upon these stages and focus attention on effective assessments at each stage of the program. Tellingly, there is also a clear need to consider the link between nurturing empathy and one’s professional identity formation. This foregrounds the need for more effective tools to assess empathy and to better understand their role in longitudinal and portfolio based learning programs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12909-021-02697-6. BioMed Central 2021-05-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8140468/ /pubmed/34020647 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02697-6 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Zhou, Yi Cheng Tan, Shien Ru Tan, Chester Guan Hao Ng, Matthew Song Peng Lim, Kia Hui Tan, Lorraine Hui En Ong, Yun Ting Cheong, Clarissa Wei Shuen Chin, Annelissa Mien Chew Chiam, Min Chia, Elisha Wan Ying Lim, Crystal Wijaya, Limin Chowdhury, Anupama Roy Kwek, Jin Wei Fong, Warren Somasundaram, Nagavalli Ong, Eng Koon Mason, Stephen Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
title | A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
title_full | A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
title_fullStr | A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
title_full_unstemmed | A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
title_short | A systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
title_sort | systematic scoping review of approaches to teaching and assessing empathy in medicine |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8140468/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34020647 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02697-6 |
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