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Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family

BACKGROUND: To enforce timber import laws and perform timber species identification, the identity of the botanical species must be well-defined. Since the Sapotaceae family is known as a taxonomically challenging family, we focus in this study on the four most valuable Sapotaceae timber species from...

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Autores principales: Deklerck, V., Price, E., Vanden Abeele, S., Lievens, K., Espinoza, E., Beeckman, H.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8220841/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34158085
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00766-x
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author Deklerck, V.
Price, E.
Vanden Abeele, S.
Lievens, K.
Espinoza, E.
Beeckman, H.
author_facet Deklerck, V.
Price, E.
Vanden Abeele, S.
Lievens, K.
Espinoza, E.
Beeckman, H.
author_sort Deklerck, V.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: To enforce timber import laws and perform timber species identification, the identity of the botanical species must be well-defined. Since the Sapotaceae family is known as a taxonomically challenging family, we focus in this study on the four most valuable Sapotaceae timber species from tropical Africa: Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A.Chev., Baillonella toxisperma Pierre, Tieghemella africana Pierre and Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard. The wood anatomical characteristic fiber lumen fraction and Direct Analysis in Real Time—Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-TOFMS) were used to differentiate the four species and to make inferences on species delineation and taxonomic identity. RESULTS: We observed differences in the fiber lumen fraction measurements and discerned two groups: (1) A. congolensis and B. toxisperma, and (2) T. africana and T. heckelii. In addition, all Mann–Whitney U comparisons and differences in distributions (Kolmogorov–Smirnov) for the fiber lumen fraction measurements were significant between all species. When permutating the data between species within those two groups, significant differences were still found between the species within those groups. This could indicate that the fiber lumen fraction is not diagnostic to discern the species. DART-TOFMS analysis showed that A. congolensis and B. toxisperma have distinct chemotypes, while T. heckelii and T. africana have remarkably similar chemotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations of similar chemotype and weakly differentiated fiber lumen ratio, we support an alternative taxonomic hypothesis that considers Tieghemella monotypic, because of the strong resemblance between T. heckelii and T. africana. Larger sample sizes and further research is required to develop methodology for the identification of these species. A taxonomic study utilizing molecular genetics would be beneficial to assess the status of the genus and the species limits. This could have implications towards their potential inclusion on CITES appendices if there is ever need for them to be listed. If Tieghemella africana and T. heckelii remain two distinct species, they should both be listed. Screening agents should be aware that the morphological and chemical differences between T. africana and T. heckelii are minimal. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13007-021-00766-x.
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spelling pubmed-82208412021-06-24 Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family Deklerck, V. Price, E. Vanden Abeele, S. Lievens, K. Espinoza, E. Beeckman, H. Plant Methods Research BACKGROUND: To enforce timber import laws and perform timber species identification, the identity of the botanical species must be well-defined. Since the Sapotaceae family is known as a taxonomically challenging family, we focus in this study on the four most valuable Sapotaceae timber species from tropical Africa: Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A.Chev., Baillonella toxisperma Pierre, Tieghemella africana Pierre and Tieghemella heckelii (A.Chev.) Pierre ex Dubard. The wood anatomical characteristic fiber lumen fraction and Direct Analysis in Real Time—Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-TOFMS) were used to differentiate the four species and to make inferences on species delineation and taxonomic identity. RESULTS: We observed differences in the fiber lumen fraction measurements and discerned two groups: (1) A. congolensis and B. toxisperma, and (2) T. africana and T. heckelii. In addition, all Mann–Whitney U comparisons and differences in distributions (Kolmogorov–Smirnov) for the fiber lumen fraction measurements were significant between all species. When permutating the data between species within those two groups, significant differences were still found between the species within those groups. This could indicate that the fiber lumen fraction is not diagnostic to discern the species. DART-TOFMS analysis showed that A. congolensis and B. toxisperma have distinct chemotypes, while T. heckelii and T. africana have remarkably similar chemotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations of similar chemotype and weakly differentiated fiber lumen ratio, we support an alternative taxonomic hypothesis that considers Tieghemella monotypic, because of the strong resemblance between T. heckelii and T. africana. Larger sample sizes and further research is required to develop methodology for the identification of these species. A taxonomic study utilizing molecular genetics would be beneficial to assess the status of the genus and the species limits. This could have implications towards their potential inclusion on CITES appendices if there is ever need for them to be listed. If Tieghemella africana and T. heckelii remain two distinct species, they should both be listed. Screening agents should be aware that the morphological and chemical differences between T. africana and T. heckelii are minimal. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13007-021-00766-x. BioMed Central 2021-06-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8220841/ /pubmed/34158085 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00766-x Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Deklerck, V.
Price, E.
Vanden Abeele, S.
Lievens, K.
Espinoza, E.
Beeckman, H.
Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family
title Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family
title_full Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family
title_fullStr Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family
title_full_unstemmed Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family
title_short Timber identification of Autranella, Baillonella and Tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging Sapotaceae family
title_sort timber identification of autranella, baillonella and tieghemella in the taxonomically challenging sapotaceae family
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8220841/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34158085
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00766-x
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