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Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2
In 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 beta-coronavirus, which caused a pandemic of severe acute respiratory viral infection COVID-19 (from COronaVIrus Disease 2019), was first detected. The susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the nature of the course of the COVID-19 clinical picture are determined by many factors, i...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Pleiades Publishing
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8254434/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34248311 http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1022795421050057 |
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author | Kucher, A. N. Babushkina, N. P. Sleptcov, A. A. Nazarenko, M. S. |
author_facet | Kucher, A. N. Babushkina, N. P. Sleptcov, A. A. Nazarenko, M. S. |
author_sort | Kucher, A. N. |
collection | PubMed |
description | In 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 beta-coronavirus, which caused a pandemic of severe acute respiratory viral infection COVID-19 (from COronaVIrus Disease 2019), was first detected. The susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the nature of the course of the COVID-19 clinical picture are determined by many factors, including genetic characteristics of both the pathogen and the human. The SARS-CoV-2 genome has a similarity to the genomes of other coronaviruses, which are pathogenic for humans and cause a severe course of infection: 79% to the SARS-CoV genome and 50% to the MERS-CoV genome. The most significant differences between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses are recorded in the structure of the gene of the S protein, a key protein responsible for the virus binding to the receptor of the host organism cells. In particular, substitutions in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the formation of the furin cleavage site that is absent in other SARS-like coronaviruses, were identified, which may explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. In humans, the genes that are significant for the initial stages of infection include ACE2, ANPEP, DPP4 (encode receptors for coronavirus binding); TMPRSS2, FURIN, TMPRSS11D, CTSL, CTSB (encode proteases involved in the entry of the coronavirus into the cell); DDX1 (the gene of ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1, which promotes replication of coronaviruses); and IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 (encode interferon-induced transmembrane proteins with an antiviral effect). These genes are expressed in many tissues (including those susceptible to the effects of SARS-CoV-2); rare and frequent variants that affect the structure of the encoded protein and its properties and expression level are described in them. A number of common genetic variants with proven functional significance are characterized by the variability in the allele frequency in the world’s populations, which can determine interpopulation differences in the prevalence of COVID-19 and in the clinical features of the course of this pathology. The expression level of genes that are important for the formation of the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is affected by epigenetic modifications, comorbidities at the time of infection, taking medications, and bad habits. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8254434 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Pleiades Publishing |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82544342021-07-06 Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Kucher, A. N. Babushkina, N. P. Sleptcov, A. A. Nazarenko, M. S. Russ J Genet Reviews and Theoretical Articles In 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 beta-coronavirus, which caused a pandemic of severe acute respiratory viral infection COVID-19 (from COronaVIrus Disease 2019), was first detected. The susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the nature of the course of the COVID-19 clinical picture are determined by many factors, including genetic characteristics of both the pathogen and the human. The SARS-CoV-2 genome has a similarity to the genomes of other coronaviruses, which are pathogenic for humans and cause a severe course of infection: 79% to the SARS-CoV genome and 50% to the MERS-CoV genome. The most significant differences between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses are recorded in the structure of the gene of the S protein, a key protein responsible for the virus binding to the receptor of the host organism cells. In particular, substitutions in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the formation of the furin cleavage site that is absent in other SARS-like coronaviruses, were identified, which may explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. In humans, the genes that are significant for the initial stages of infection include ACE2, ANPEP, DPP4 (encode receptors for coronavirus binding); TMPRSS2, FURIN, TMPRSS11D, CTSL, CTSB (encode proteases involved in the entry of the coronavirus into the cell); DDX1 (the gene of ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1, which promotes replication of coronaviruses); and IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 (encode interferon-induced transmembrane proteins with an antiviral effect). These genes are expressed in many tissues (including those susceptible to the effects of SARS-CoV-2); rare and frequent variants that affect the structure of the encoded protein and its properties and expression level are described in them. A number of common genetic variants with proven functional significance are characterized by the variability in the allele frequency in the world’s populations, which can determine interpopulation differences in the prevalence of COVID-19 and in the clinical features of the course of this pathology. The expression level of genes that are important for the formation of the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is affected by epigenetic modifications, comorbidities at the time of infection, taking medications, and bad habits. Pleiades Publishing 2021-07-03 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8254434/ /pubmed/34248311 http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1022795421050057 Text en © Pleiades Publishing, Inc. 2021, ISSN 1022-7954, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2021, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 627–641. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2021.Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Genetika, 2021, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 615–631. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Reviews and Theoretical Articles Kucher, A. N. Babushkina, N. P. Sleptcov, A. A. Nazarenko, M. S. Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 |
title | Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full | Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 |
title_fullStr | Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 |
title_short | Genetic Control of Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 |
title_sort | genetic control of human infection with sars-cov-2 |
topic | Reviews and Theoretical Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8254434/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34248311 http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1022795421050057 |
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