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Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review)
Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in its effectiveness, addiction and abuse. A better understanding of the mecha...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
D.A. Spandidos
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8311239/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34345286 http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10437 |
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author | Zhou, Jie Ma, Ruijie Jin, Ying Fang, Junfan Du, Junying Shao, Xiaomei Liang, Yi Fang, Jianqiao |
author_facet | Zhou, Jie Ma, Ruijie Jin, Ying Fang, Junfan Du, Junying Shao, Xiaomei Liang, Yi Fang, Jianqiao |
author_sort | Zhou, Jie |
collection | PubMed |
description | Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in its effectiveness, addiction and abuse. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance may provide insights into this phenomenon and aid in the development of novel methods to combat the side effects of opioid tolerance. The present review focused on two major contributors to tolerance, opioid receptors and inflammatory mediators. The molecular mechanisms involved in the desensitization of the opioid receptors were briefly described, including their phosphorylation, internalisation and recycling. Subsequently, the effects of Toll like receptor 4/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3-mediated proinflammatory responses in opioid tolerance were discussed, aiming in supporting the identification of novel therapeutic targets. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8311239 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | D.A. Spandidos |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83112392021-08-02 Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) Zhou, Jie Ma, Ruijie Jin, Ying Fang, Junfan Du, Junying Shao, Xiaomei Liang, Yi Fang, Jianqiao Exp Ther Med Review Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in its effectiveness, addiction and abuse. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance may provide insights into this phenomenon and aid in the development of novel methods to combat the side effects of opioid tolerance. The present review focused on two major contributors to tolerance, opioid receptors and inflammatory mediators. The molecular mechanisms involved in the desensitization of the opioid receptors were briefly described, including their phosphorylation, internalisation and recycling. Subsequently, the effects of Toll like receptor 4/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3-mediated proinflammatory responses in opioid tolerance were discussed, aiming in supporting the identification of novel therapeutic targets. D.A. Spandidos 2021-09 2021-07-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8311239/ /pubmed/34345286 http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10437 Text en Copyright: © Zhou et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) , which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
spellingShingle | Review Zhou, Jie Ma, Ruijie Jin, Ying Fang, Junfan Du, Junying Shao, Xiaomei Liang, Yi Fang, Jianqiao Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) |
title | Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) |
title_full | Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) |
title_fullStr | Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) |
title_full_unstemmed | Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) |
title_short | Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review) |
title_sort | molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: from opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (review) |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8311239/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34345286 http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10437 |
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