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Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review

Poultry and swine farming are large contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, eutrophication, acidification, and air and water pollution. Feed production and manure management are identified as the main sources of these impacts. Reducing dietary crude protein levels is a nutriti...

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Autores principales: Cappelaere, Léa, Le Cour Grandmaison, Josselin, Martin, Nicolas, Lambert, William
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8350159/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34381834
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.689259
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author Cappelaere, Léa
Le Cour Grandmaison, Josselin
Martin, Nicolas
Lambert, William
author_facet Cappelaere, Léa
Le Cour Grandmaison, Josselin
Martin, Nicolas
Lambert, William
author_sort Cappelaere, Léa
collection PubMed
description Poultry and swine farming are large contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, eutrophication, acidification, and air and water pollution. Feed production and manure management are identified as the main sources of these impacts. Reducing dietary crude protein levels is a nutritional strategy recognized to both decrease the use of high-impact feed ingredients and alter manure composition, reducing emissions of harmful components. For a successful implementation of this technique, feed-grade amino acid supplementation is crucial to maintaining animal performance. Reducing crude protein lowers nitrogen excretion, especially excess nitrogen excreted in urea or uric acid form, improving nitrogen efficiency. At the feed-gate, low–crude protein diets can reduce the carbon footprint of feed production through changes in raw material inclusion. The magnitude of this reduction mainly depends on the climate change impact of soybean meal and its land-use change on the feed-grade amino acids used. Reducing dietary crude protein also lowers the environmental impact of manure management in housing, storage, and at spreading: nitrogen emissions from manure (ammonia, nitrates, nitrous oxide) are reduced through reduction of nitrogen excretion. Moreover, synergetic effects exist with nitrogen form, water excretion, and manure pH, further reducing emissions. Volatilization of nitrogen is more reduced in poultry than in pigs, but emissions are more studied and better understood for pig slurry than poultry litter. Ammonia emissions are also more documented than other N-compounds. Low–crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids is a strategy reducing environmental impact at different stages of animal production, making life cycle assessment the best-suited tool to quantify reduction of environmental impacts. Recent studies report an efficient reduction of environmental impacts with low–crude protein diets. However, more standardization of limits and methods used is necessary to compare results. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mitigation of environmental impacts with low–crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids in poultry and swine, its quantification, and the biological mechanisms involved. A comparison between pigs and poultry is also included. It provides concrete information based on quantified research for decision making for the livestock industry and policy makers.
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spelling pubmed-83501592021-08-10 Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review Cappelaere, Léa Le Cour Grandmaison, Josselin Martin, Nicolas Lambert, William Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science Poultry and swine farming are large contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, eutrophication, acidification, and air and water pollution. Feed production and manure management are identified as the main sources of these impacts. Reducing dietary crude protein levels is a nutritional strategy recognized to both decrease the use of high-impact feed ingredients and alter manure composition, reducing emissions of harmful components. For a successful implementation of this technique, feed-grade amino acid supplementation is crucial to maintaining animal performance. Reducing crude protein lowers nitrogen excretion, especially excess nitrogen excreted in urea or uric acid form, improving nitrogen efficiency. At the feed-gate, low–crude protein diets can reduce the carbon footprint of feed production through changes in raw material inclusion. The magnitude of this reduction mainly depends on the climate change impact of soybean meal and its land-use change on the feed-grade amino acids used. Reducing dietary crude protein also lowers the environmental impact of manure management in housing, storage, and at spreading: nitrogen emissions from manure (ammonia, nitrates, nitrous oxide) are reduced through reduction of nitrogen excretion. Moreover, synergetic effects exist with nitrogen form, water excretion, and manure pH, further reducing emissions. Volatilization of nitrogen is more reduced in poultry than in pigs, but emissions are more studied and better understood for pig slurry than poultry litter. Ammonia emissions are also more documented than other N-compounds. Low–crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids is a strategy reducing environmental impact at different stages of animal production, making life cycle assessment the best-suited tool to quantify reduction of environmental impacts. Recent studies report an efficient reduction of environmental impacts with low–crude protein diets. However, more standardization of limits and methods used is necessary to compare results. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mitigation of environmental impacts with low–crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids in poultry and swine, its quantification, and the biological mechanisms involved. A comparison between pigs and poultry is also included. It provides concrete information based on quantified research for decision making for the livestock industry and policy makers. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-07-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8350159/ /pubmed/34381834 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.689259 Text en Copyright © 2021 Cappelaere, Le Cour Grandmaison, Martin and Lambert. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Veterinary Science
Cappelaere, Léa
Le Cour Grandmaison, Josselin
Martin, Nicolas
Lambert, William
Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review
title Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review
title_full Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review
title_fullStr Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review
title_full_unstemmed Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review
title_short Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review
title_sort amino acid supplementation to reduce environmental impacts of broiler and pig production: a review
topic Veterinary Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8350159/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34381834
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.689259
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