A meta-analysis and bibliographic review of the effect of nine factors on online learning outcomes across the world

The unpredictable pandemic has drastically altered learning approaches, where online learning has been booming. Through VOSviewer, this study visualizes the network of top authors, organizations, sources, and countries that have been devoted to online learning. Through meta-analyses via Stata/MP 14.0, this study identifies nine variables that may exert a significant effect on online learning outcomes during this special pandemic time in various countries and areas. The findings may be generalizable to America, Asia, and Europe. Although relatively fewer publications in Africa have been included, the findings could provide a meaningful reference for African researchers and practitioners. Future research could include more publications from more diversified backgrounds. Online learning design could also keep pace with the development of information technologies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10639-021-10720-y.