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Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use
Drug addiction is thought to be driven by negative reinforcement, and it is thought that a shift from positive affect upon initial exposure to negative affect after chronic exposure to a drug is responsible for maintaining self-administration (SA) in addicted individuals. This can be modeled in rats...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8394963/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34439683 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081064 |
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author | Dao, Angela N. Beacher, Nicholas J. Mayr, Vivian Montemarano, Annalisa Hammer, Sam West, Mark O. |
author_facet | Dao, Angela N. Beacher, Nicholas J. Mayr, Vivian Montemarano, Annalisa Hammer, Sam West, Mark O. |
author_sort | Dao, Angela N. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Drug addiction is thought to be driven by negative reinforcement, and it is thought that a shift from positive affect upon initial exposure to negative affect after chronic exposure to a drug is responsible for maintaining self-administration (SA) in addicted individuals. This can be modeled in rats by analyzing ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), a type of intraspecies communication indicative of affective state based on the frequency of the emission: calls in the 22 kHz range indicate negative affect, whereas calls in the 50 kHz range indicate positive affect. We employed a voluntary chronic, long-access model of fentanyl SA to analyze affective changes in the response to chronic fentanyl exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered either fentanyl (N = 7) or saline (N = 6) for 30 consecutive days and USVs were recorded at four different time points: the day before the first SA session (PRE), the first day of SA (T01), the last day of SA (T30), and the first day of abstinence (ABS). At T01, the ratio of 50 to 22 kHz calls was similar between the fentanyl and saline groups, but at T30, the ratio differed between groups, with the fentanyl group showing significantly fewer 50 kHz calls and more 22 kHz calls relative to saline animals. These results indicate a shift toward a negative affect during drug use after chronic exposure to fentanyl and support negative reinforcement as a main driving factor of opioid addiction. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8394963 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83949632021-08-28 Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use Dao, Angela N. Beacher, Nicholas J. Mayr, Vivian Montemarano, Annalisa Hammer, Sam West, Mark O. Brain Sci Article Drug addiction is thought to be driven by negative reinforcement, and it is thought that a shift from positive affect upon initial exposure to negative affect after chronic exposure to a drug is responsible for maintaining self-administration (SA) in addicted individuals. This can be modeled in rats by analyzing ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), a type of intraspecies communication indicative of affective state based on the frequency of the emission: calls in the 22 kHz range indicate negative affect, whereas calls in the 50 kHz range indicate positive affect. We employed a voluntary chronic, long-access model of fentanyl SA to analyze affective changes in the response to chronic fentanyl exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered either fentanyl (N = 7) or saline (N = 6) for 30 consecutive days and USVs were recorded at four different time points: the day before the first SA session (PRE), the first day of SA (T01), the last day of SA (T30), and the first day of abstinence (ABS). At T01, the ratio of 50 to 22 kHz calls was similar between the fentanyl and saline groups, but at T30, the ratio differed between groups, with the fentanyl group showing significantly fewer 50 kHz calls and more 22 kHz calls relative to saline animals. These results indicate a shift toward a negative affect during drug use after chronic exposure to fentanyl and support negative reinforcement as a main driving factor of opioid addiction. MDPI 2021-08-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8394963/ /pubmed/34439683 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081064 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Dao, Angela N. Beacher, Nicholas J. Mayr, Vivian Montemarano, Annalisa Hammer, Sam West, Mark O. Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use |
title | Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use |
title_full | Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use |
title_fullStr | Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use |
title_full_unstemmed | Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use |
title_short | Chronic Fentanyl Self-Administration Generates a Shift toward Negative Affect in Rats during Drug Use |
title_sort | chronic fentanyl self-administration generates a shift toward negative affect in rats during drug use |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8394963/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34439683 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081064 |
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