Antibody–Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Acute Pediatric Leukemia

The clinical development of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) has gained momentum in recent years and these agents are gradually moving into frontline regimens for pediatric acute leukemias. ADCs consist of a monoclonal antibody attached to a cytotoxic payload by a cleavable linker. This structure allows for highly cytotoxic agents to be directly delivered to leukemia cells leading to cell death and avoids excessive off-tumor toxicity. Near universal expression on B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) blasts and the ability of rapid internalization has rendered CD22 an ideal target for ADC in B-ALL. Inotuzumab ozogamicin, the anti-CD22 antibody linked to calicheamicin led to complete remission rates of 60–80% in patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the CD33 targeting gemtuzumab ozogamicin has demonstrated modest improvements in survival and is the only ADC currently licensed in the United States for pediatric patients with de novo AML. Several other ADCs have been developed and tested clinically for leukemia but have achieved limited success to date. The search for additional leukemia-specific targets and optimization of ADC structure and specificity are ongoing efforts to improve their therapeutic window. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ADCs in acute leukemias, with a focus on pediatric ALL and AML.