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Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in China and subsequently spread globally, resulting in a severe pandemic, and officially declared a significant health emergency by World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Singapore
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407402/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36761792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7 |
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author | Singh, Anshu Haq, Izharul |
author_facet | Singh, Anshu Haq, Izharul |
author_sort | Singh, Anshu |
collection | PubMed |
description | The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in China and subsequently spread globally, resulting in a severe pandemic, and officially declared a significant health emergency by World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic analysis of coronavirus isolated from bats, snakes, and Malay pangolins suggested that they could be intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2. The transfer of virus from person to person has been confirmed widely, while the actual source of origin is still unknown. COVID-19 is a highly contagious and infectious disease, and the worldwide transmission of coronavirus has intense effects on the lives of human beings. The spread of the virus is observed mainly through close contact with the infected person due to coughing, sniffing or indirectly through the contaminated surfaces. If people touch contaminated surfaces through their hands, mouth, nose, or eye, it enters the body and causes disease. Also, the virus may transmit through air droplets, water, food, fecal–oral transmission, etc. The infection of virus in human beings could be detected by direct symptoms, or different diagnostic tools are available to determine the viral load. Various safety measures are used to contain the virus, including disinfectants, antiviral drugs, vaccines, wearing masks, social distancing, etc. In the present review, we have focused on transmission of COVID-19 through air and wastewater as environmental transmission modes. We have also discussed the origin of the virus, its mode of action, host immune response, vulnerability, varying symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and control. Further, we have discussed the various treatment options to cope with this viral outbreak. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8407402 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Springer Singapore |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84074022021-09-01 Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review Singh, Anshu Haq, Izharul Environmental Sustainability Review The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in China and subsequently spread globally, resulting in a severe pandemic, and officially declared a significant health emergency by World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic analysis of coronavirus isolated from bats, snakes, and Malay pangolins suggested that they could be intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2. The transfer of virus from person to person has been confirmed widely, while the actual source of origin is still unknown. COVID-19 is a highly contagious and infectious disease, and the worldwide transmission of coronavirus has intense effects on the lives of human beings. The spread of the virus is observed mainly through close contact with the infected person due to coughing, sniffing or indirectly through the contaminated surfaces. If people touch contaminated surfaces through their hands, mouth, nose, or eye, it enters the body and causes disease. Also, the virus may transmit through air droplets, water, food, fecal–oral transmission, etc. The infection of virus in human beings could be detected by direct symptoms, or different diagnostic tools are available to determine the viral load. Various safety measures are used to contain the virus, including disinfectants, antiviral drugs, vaccines, wearing masks, social distancing, etc. In the present review, we have focused on transmission of COVID-19 through air and wastewater as environmental transmission modes. We have also discussed the origin of the virus, its mode of action, host immune response, vulnerability, varying symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and control. Further, we have discussed the various treatment options to cope with this viral outbreak. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] Springer Singapore 2021-08-31 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8407402/ /pubmed/36761792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7 Text en © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2021 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Review Singh, Anshu Haq, Izharul Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
title | Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
title_full | Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
title_fullStr | Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
title_full_unstemmed | Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
title_short | Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
title_sort | novel coronavirus disease (covid-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies—a review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407402/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36761792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7 |
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