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Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure
Reuse of oilfield‐produced water (OPW) for crop irrigation has the potential to make a critical difference in the water budgets of highly productive but drought‐stressed agricultural watersheds. This is the first peer‐reviewed study to evaluate how trace metals in OPW used to irrigate California cro...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519025/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33336407 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13641 |
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author | Redmon, Jennifer Hoponick Kondash, Andrew John Womack, Donna Lillys, Ted Feinstein, Laura Cabrales, Luis Weinthal, Erika Vengosh, Avner |
author_facet | Redmon, Jennifer Hoponick Kondash, Andrew John Womack, Donna Lillys, Ted Feinstein, Laura Cabrales, Luis Weinthal, Erika Vengosh, Avner |
author_sort | Redmon, Jennifer Hoponick |
collection | PubMed |
description | Reuse of oilfield‐produced water (OPW) for crop irrigation has the potential to make a critical difference in the water budgets of highly productive but drought‐stressed agricultural watersheds. This is the first peer‐reviewed study to evaluate how trace metals in OPW used to irrigate California crops may affect human health. We modeled and quantified risks associated with consuming foods irrigated with OPW using available concentration data. The probabilistic risk assessment simulated OPW metal concentrations, crop uptake, human exposures, and potential noncancer and carcinogenic health effects. Overall, our findings indicate that there is a low risk of ingesting toxic amounts of metals from the consumption of tree nuts, citrus, grapes, and root vegetables irrigated with low‐saline OPW. Results show increased arsenic cancer risk (at 10(−6)) for adult vegetarians, assuming higher consumption of multiple foods irrigated with OPW that contain high arsenic concentrations. All other cancer risks are below levels of concern and all noncancer hazards are far below levels of concern. Arsenic risk concerns could be mitigated by practices such as blending high‐arsenic OPW. Future risk assessment research should model the risks of organic compounds in OPW, as our study focused on inorganic compounds. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that low‐saline OPW may provide a safe and sustainable alternative irrigation water source if water quality is adequately monitored and blended as needed prior to irrigation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8519025 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85190252021-10-21 Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure Redmon, Jennifer Hoponick Kondash, Andrew John Womack, Donna Lillys, Ted Feinstein, Laura Cabrales, Luis Weinthal, Erika Vengosh, Avner Risk Anal Original Research Articles Reuse of oilfield‐produced water (OPW) for crop irrigation has the potential to make a critical difference in the water budgets of highly productive but drought‐stressed agricultural watersheds. This is the first peer‐reviewed study to evaluate how trace metals in OPW used to irrigate California crops may affect human health. We modeled and quantified risks associated with consuming foods irrigated with OPW using available concentration data. The probabilistic risk assessment simulated OPW metal concentrations, crop uptake, human exposures, and potential noncancer and carcinogenic health effects. Overall, our findings indicate that there is a low risk of ingesting toxic amounts of metals from the consumption of tree nuts, citrus, grapes, and root vegetables irrigated with low‐saline OPW. Results show increased arsenic cancer risk (at 10(−6)) for adult vegetarians, assuming higher consumption of multiple foods irrigated with OPW that contain high arsenic concentrations. All other cancer risks are below levels of concern and all noncancer hazards are far below levels of concern. Arsenic risk concerns could be mitigated by practices such as blending high‐arsenic OPW. Future risk assessment research should model the risks of organic compounds in OPW, as our study focused on inorganic compounds. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that low‐saline OPW may provide a safe and sustainable alternative irrigation water source if water quality is adequately monitored and blended as needed prior to irrigation. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2020-12-17 2021-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8519025/ /pubmed/33336407 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13641 Text en © 2020 The Authors. Risk Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Risk Analysis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. |
spellingShingle | Original Research Articles Redmon, Jennifer Hoponick Kondash, Andrew John Womack, Donna Lillys, Ted Feinstein, Laura Cabrales, Luis Weinthal, Erika Vengosh, Avner Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure |
title | Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure |
title_full | Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure |
title_fullStr | Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure |
title_full_unstemmed | Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure |
title_short | Is Food Irrigated with Oilfield‐Produced Water in the California Central Valley Safe to Eat? A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment Evaluating Trace Metals Exposure |
title_sort | is food irrigated with oilfield‐produced water in the california central valley safe to eat? a probabilistic human health risk assessment evaluating trace metals exposure |
topic | Original Research Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519025/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33336407 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13641 |
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