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Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination

The consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) has been increasing, given their important benefit to human health. In addition to being an excellent nutritional source, they have been associated with chemical hazards, such as mycotoxins, resulting in fungal contamination and its secondary metaboli...

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Autores principales: Soares Mateus, Ana Rita, Barros, Sílvia, Pena, Angelina, Sanches Silva, Ana
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538126/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34678975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100682
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author Soares Mateus, Ana Rita
Barros, Sílvia
Pena, Angelina
Sanches Silva, Ana
author_facet Soares Mateus, Ana Rita
Barros, Sílvia
Pena, Angelina
Sanches Silva, Ana
author_sort Soares Mateus, Ana Rita
collection PubMed
description The consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) has been increasing, given their important benefit to human health. In addition to being an excellent nutritional source, they have been associated with chemical hazards, such as mycotoxins, resulting in fungal contamination and its secondary metabolism. Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most common mycotoxins in pistachio and the most toxic to humans, with hepatotoxic effects. More mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEA) and trichothecenes (T2, HT2 and DON) and emerging mycotoxins have been involved in nuts. Because of the low levels of concentration and the complexity of the matrix, the determination techniques must be very sensitive. The present paper carries out an extensive review of the state of the art of the determination of mycotoxins in pistachios, concerning the trends in analytical methodologies for their determination and the levels detected as a result of its contamination. Screening methods based on immunoassays are useful due to their simplicity and rapid response. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the gold standard with new improvements to enhance accuracy, precision and sensitivity and a lower detection limit. The reduction of Aspergillus’ and aflatoxins’ contamination is important to minimize the public health risks. While prevention, mostly in pre-harvest, is the most effective and preferable measure to avoid mycotoxin contamination, there is an increased number of decontamination processes which will also be addressed in this review.
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spelling pubmed-85381262021-10-24 Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination Soares Mateus, Ana Rita Barros, Sílvia Pena, Angelina Sanches Silva, Ana Toxins (Basel) Review The consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) has been increasing, given their important benefit to human health. In addition to being an excellent nutritional source, they have been associated with chemical hazards, such as mycotoxins, resulting in fungal contamination and its secondary metabolism. Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most common mycotoxins in pistachio and the most toxic to humans, with hepatotoxic effects. More mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEA) and trichothecenes (T2, HT2 and DON) and emerging mycotoxins have been involved in nuts. Because of the low levels of concentration and the complexity of the matrix, the determination techniques must be very sensitive. The present paper carries out an extensive review of the state of the art of the determination of mycotoxins in pistachios, concerning the trends in analytical methodologies for their determination and the levels detected as a result of its contamination. Screening methods based on immunoassays are useful due to their simplicity and rapid response. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the gold standard with new improvements to enhance accuracy, precision and sensitivity and a lower detection limit. The reduction of Aspergillus’ and aflatoxins’ contamination is important to minimize the public health risks. While prevention, mostly in pre-harvest, is the most effective and preferable measure to avoid mycotoxin contamination, there is an increased number of decontamination processes which will also be addressed in this review. MDPI 2021-09-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8538126/ /pubmed/34678975 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100682 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Soares Mateus, Ana Rita
Barros, Sílvia
Pena, Angelina
Sanches Silva, Ana
Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination
title Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination
title_full Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination
title_fullStr Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination
title_full_unstemmed Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination
title_short Mycotoxins in Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination
title_sort mycotoxins in pistachios (pistacia vera l.): methods for determination, occurrence, decontamination
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538126/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34678975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100682
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