Clonal hematopoiesis with JAK2V617F promotes pulmonary hypertension with ALK1 upregulation in lung neutrophils

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disease characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling. Clonal somatic mutations including JAK2V617F, the most frequent driver mutation among myeloproliferative neoplasms, have recently been identified in healthy individuals without hematological disorders. Here, we reveal that clonal hematopoiesis with JAK2V617F exacerbates PH and pulmonary arterial remodeling in mice. JAK2V617F-expressing neutrophils specifically accumulate in pulmonary arterial regions, accompanied by increases in neutrophil-derived elastase activity and chemokines in chronic hypoxia-exposed JAK2V617F transgenic (JAK2(V617F)) mice, as well as recipient mice transplanted with JAK2(V617F) bone marrow cells. JAK2V617F progressively upregulates Acvrl1 (encoding ALK1) during the differentiation from bone marrow stem/progenitor cells peripherally into mature neutrophils of pulmonary arterial regions. JAK2V617F-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation upregulates ALK1-Smad1/5/8 signaling. ALK1/2 inhibition completely prevents the development of PH in JAK2(V617F) mice. Finally, our prospective clinical study identified JAK2V617F-positive clonal hematopoiesis is more common in PH patients than in healthy subjects. These findings indicate that clonal hematopoiesis with JAK2V617F causally leads to PH development associated with ALK1 upregulation.