Cargando…

Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is highest among low and middle-income countries. Millets, including sorghum, are a traditional staple in many of these countries and are known to be rich in iron. However, a wide variation in the iron composition of millets has been reported, which needs to...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Anitha, Seetha, Kane-Potaka, Joanna, Botha, Rosemary, Givens, D. Ian, Sulaiman, Nur Liana Binti, Upadhyay, Shweta, Vetriventhan, Mani, Tsusaka, Takuji W., Parasannanavar, Devraj J., Longvah, Thingnganing, Rajendran, Ananthan, Subramaniam, Kowsalya, Bhandari, Raj Kumar
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8551390/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34722606
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.725529
_version_ 1784591147252842496
author Anitha, Seetha
Kane-Potaka, Joanna
Botha, Rosemary
Givens, D. Ian
Sulaiman, Nur Liana Binti
Upadhyay, Shweta
Vetriventhan, Mani
Tsusaka, Takuji W.
Parasannanavar, Devraj J.
Longvah, Thingnganing
Rajendran, Ananthan
Subramaniam, Kowsalya
Bhandari, Raj Kumar
author_facet Anitha, Seetha
Kane-Potaka, Joanna
Botha, Rosemary
Givens, D. Ian
Sulaiman, Nur Liana Binti
Upadhyay, Shweta
Vetriventhan, Mani
Tsusaka, Takuji W.
Parasannanavar, Devraj J.
Longvah, Thingnganing
Rajendran, Ananthan
Subramaniam, Kowsalya
Bhandari, Raj Kumar
author_sort Anitha, Seetha
collection PubMed
description The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is highest among low and middle-income countries. Millets, including sorghum, are a traditional staple in many of these countries and are known to be rich in iron. However, a wide variation in the iron composition of millets has been reported, which needs to be understood in consonance with its bioavailability and roles in reducing anemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to analyze the scientific evidence on the bioavailability of iron in different types of millets, processing, and the impact of millet-based food on iron status and anemia. The results indicated that iron levels in the millets used to study iron bioavailability (both in vivo and in vitro) and efficacy varied with the type and variety from 2 mg/100 g to 8 mg/100 g. However, not all the efficacy studies indicated the iron levels in the millets. There were 30 research studies, including 22 human interventions and 8 in vitro studies, included in the meta-analysis which all discussed various outcomes such as hemoglobin level, serum ferritin level, and absorbed iron. The studies included finger millet, pearl millet, teff and sorghum, or a mixture of millets. The results of 19 studies conducted on anaemic individuals showed that there was a significant (p < 0.01) increase in hemoglobin levels by 13.2% following regular consumption (21 days to 4.5 years) of millets either as a meal or drink compared with regular diets where there was only 2.7% increase. Seven studies on adolescents showed increases in hemoglobin levels from 10.8 ± 1.4 (moderate anemia) to 12.2 ± 1.5 g/dl (normal). Two studies conducted on humans demonstrated that consumption of a pearl millet-based meal significantly increased the bioavailable iron (p < 0.01), with the percentage of bioavailability being 7.5 ± 1.6, and provided bioavailable iron of 1 ± 0.4 mg. Four studies conducted on humans showed significant increases in ferritin level (p < 0.05) up to 54.7%. Eight in-vitro studies showed that traditional processing methods such as fermentation and germination can improve bioavailable iron significantly (p < 0.01) by 3.4 and 2.2 times and contributed to 143 and 95% of the physiological requirement of women, respectively. Overall, this study showed that millets can reduce iron deficiency anemia.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8551390
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-85513902021-10-29 Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Anitha, Seetha Kane-Potaka, Joanna Botha, Rosemary Givens, D. Ian Sulaiman, Nur Liana Binti Upadhyay, Shweta Vetriventhan, Mani Tsusaka, Takuji W. Parasannanavar, Devraj J. Longvah, Thingnganing Rajendran, Ananthan Subramaniam, Kowsalya Bhandari, Raj Kumar Front Nutr Nutrition The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is highest among low and middle-income countries. Millets, including sorghum, are a traditional staple in many of these countries and are known to be rich in iron. However, a wide variation in the iron composition of millets has been reported, which needs to be understood in consonance with its bioavailability and roles in reducing anemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to analyze the scientific evidence on the bioavailability of iron in different types of millets, processing, and the impact of millet-based food on iron status and anemia. The results indicated that iron levels in the millets used to study iron bioavailability (both in vivo and in vitro) and efficacy varied with the type and variety from 2 mg/100 g to 8 mg/100 g. However, not all the efficacy studies indicated the iron levels in the millets. There were 30 research studies, including 22 human interventions and 8 in vitro studies, included in the meta-analysis which all discussed various outcomes such as hemoglobin level, serum ferritin level, and absorbed iron. The studies included finger millet, pearl millet, teff and sorghum, or a mixture of millets. The results of 19 studies conducted on anaemic individuals showed that there was a significant (p < 0.01) increase in hemoglobin levels by 13.2% following regular consumption (21 days to 4.5 years) of millets either as a meal or drink compared with regular diets where there was only 2.7% increase. Seven studies on adolescents showed increases in hemoglobin levels from 10.8 ± 1.4 (moderate anemia) to 12.2 ± 1.5 g/dl (normal). Two studies conducted on humans demonstrated that consumption of a pearl millet-based meal significantly increased the bioavailable iron (p < 0.01), with the percentage of bioavailability being 7.5 ± 1.6, and provided bioavailable iron of 1 ± 0.4 mg. Four studies conducted on humans showed significant increases in ferritin level (p < 0.05) up to 54.7%. Eight in-vitro studies showed that traditional processing methods such as fermentation and germination can improve bioavailable iron significantly (p < 0.01) by 3.4 and 2.2 times and contributed to 143 and 95% of the physiological requirement of women, respectively. Overall, this study showed that millets can reduce iron deficiency anemia. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8551390/ /pubmed/34722606 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.725529 Text en Copyright © 2021 Anitha, Kane-Potaka, Botha, Givens, Sulaiman, Upadhyay, Vetriventhan, Tsusaka, Parasannanavar, Longvah, Rajendran, Subramaniam and Bhandari. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Nutrition
Anitha, Seetha
Kane-Potaka, Joanna
Botha, Rosemary
Givens, D. Ian
Sulaiman, Nur Liana Binti
Upadhyay, Shweta
Vetriventhan, Mani
Tsusaka, Takuji W.
Parasannanavar, Devraj J.
Longvah, Thingnganing
Rajendran, Ananthan
Subramaniam, Kowsalya
Bhandari, Raj Kumar
Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_fullStr Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_short Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_sort millets can have a major impact on improving iron status, hemoglobin level, and in reducing iron deficiency anemia–a systematic review and meta-analysis
topic Nutrition
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8551390/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34722606
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.725529
work_keys_str_mv AT anithaseetha milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT kanepotakajoanna milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT botharosemary milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT givensdian milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT sulaimannurlianabinti milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT upadhyayshweta milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT vetriventhanmani milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT tsusakatakujiw milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT parasannanavardevrajj milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT longvahthingnganing milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT rajendranananthan milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT subramaniamkowsalya milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
AT bhandarirajkumar milletscanhaveamajorimpactonimprovingironstatushemoglobinlevelandinreducingirondeficiencyanemiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis