Quantification of Chlorogenic Acid and Vanillin from Coffee Peel Extract and its Effect on α-Amylase Activity, Immunoregulation, Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, and Tumor Suppressor Gene Expression Levels in H(2)O(2)-Induced Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background: Polyphenols and flavonoid-rich foods help in arresting reactive oxygen species development and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. Coffee peel (CP) preparations are consumed as beverages, and their total polyphenol or flavonoid content and their effect on oxidative stress–induced human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are poorly understood. Method: We prepared hot water extracts of CP (CPE) and quantified the amount of total polyphenol and flavonoid using HPLC analysis. In addition, CPE have been studied for their α-amylase inhibitory effect and beneficial effects in oxidative stress–induced hMSCs. Results: The obtained results show that the availability of chlorogenic acid, vanillin, and salicylic acid levels in CPE is more favorable for enhancing cell growth, nuclear integrity, and mitochondrial efficiency which is confirmed by propidium iodide staining and JC-1 staining. CPE treatment to hMSCs for 48 h reduced oxidative stress by decreasing mRNA expression levels of LPO and NOX-4 and in increasing antioxidant CYP1A, GSH, GSK-3β, and GPX mRNA expressions. Decreased pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, NF-κβ, IL-1β, TLR-4) and increased tumor suppressor genes (except Bcl-2) such as Cdkn2A, p53 expressions have been observed. Conclusions: The availability of CGA in CPs effectively reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased tumor suppressor genes.