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Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers
Amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic drug used as an antiarrhythmic agent. It induces phospholipidosis, i.e., the accumulation of phospholipids within organelles of the endosomal–lysosomal system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures released by any type of cell and retrieve...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657686/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884727 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312922 |
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author | Sagini, Krizia Buratta, Sandra Delo, Federica Pellegrino, Roberto Maria Giovagnoli, Stefano Urbanelli, Lorena Emiliani, Carla |
author_facet | Sagini, Krizia Buratta, Sandra Delo, Federica Pellegrino, Roberto Maria Giovagnoli, Stefano Urbanelli, Lorena Emiliani, Carla |
author_sort | Sagini, Krizia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic drug used as an antiarrhythmic agent. It induces phospholipidosis, i.e., the accumulation of phospholipids within organelles of the endosomal–lysosomal system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures released by any type of cell and retrieved in every fluid of the body. EVs have been initially identified as a system to dispose cell waste, but they are also considered to be an additional manner to transmit intercellular signals. To understand the role of EVs in drug-induced phospholipidosis, we investigated EVs release in amiodarone-treated HEK-293 cells engineered to produce fluorescently labelled EVs. We observed that amiodarone induces the release of a higher number of EVs, mostly of a large/medium size. EVs released upon amiodarone treatment do not display significant morphological changes or altered size distribution, but they show a dose-dependent increase in autophagy associated markers, indicating a higher release of EVs with an autophagosome-like phenotype. Large/medium EVs also show a higher content of phospholipids. Drugs inducing lysosomal impairment such as chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 similarly prompt a higher release of EVs enriched in autophagy markers. This result suggests a mechanism associated with amiodarone-induced lysosomal impairment more than a connection with the accumulation of specific undigested substrates. Moreover, the implementation of the lysosomal function by overexpressing TFEB, a master gene regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, prevents the amiodarone-induced release of EVs, suggesting that this could be a feasible target to attenuate drug-induced abnormalities. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8657686 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86576862021-12-10 Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers Sagini, Krizia Buratta, Sandra Delo, Federica Pellegrino, Roberto Maria Giovagnoli, Stefano Urbanelli, Lorena Emiliani, Carla Int J Mol Sci Article Amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic drug used as an antiarrhythmic agent. It induces phospholipidosis, i.e., the accumulation of phospholipids within organelles of the endosomal–lysosomal system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures released by any type of cell and retrieved in every fluid of the body. EVs have been initially identified as a system to dispose cell waste, but they are also considered to be an additional manner to transmit intercellular signals. To understand the role of EVs in drug-induced phospholipidosis, we investigated EVs release in amiodarone-treated HEK-293 cells engineered to produce fluorescently labelled EVs. We observed that amiodarone induces the release of a higher number of EVs, mostly of a large/medium size. EVs released upon amiodarone treatment do not display significant morphological changes or altered size distribution, but they show a dose-dependent increase in autophagy associated markers, indicating a higher release of EVs with an autophagosome-like phenotype. Large/medium EVs also show a higher content of phospholipids. Drugs inducing lysosomal impairment such as chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 similarly prompt a higher release of EVs enriched in autophagy markers. This result suggests a mechanism associated with amiodarone-induced lysosomal impairment more than a connection with the accumulation of specific undigested substrates. Moreover, the implementation of the lysosomal function by overexpressing TFEB, a master gene regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, prevents the amiodarone-induced release of EVs, suggesting that this could be a feasible target to attenuate drug-induced abnormalities. MDPI 2021-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8657686/ /pubmed/34884727 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312922 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sagini, Krizia Buratta, Sandra Delo, Federica Pellegrino, Roberto Maria Giovagnoli, Stefano Urbanelli, Lorena Emiliani, Carla Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers |
title | Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers |
title_full | Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers |
title_fullStr | Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers |
title_full_unstemmed | Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers |
title_short | Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers |
title_sort | drug-induced lysosomal impairment is associated with the release of extracellular vesicles carrying autophagy markers |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657686/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884727 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312922 |
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