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Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection
Ungual formulations are regularly tested using human nails or animal surrogates in Franz diffusion cell experiments. Membranes sometimes less than 100 µm thick are used, disregarding the higher physiological thickness of human nails and possible fungal infection. In this study, bovine hoof membranes...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8707648/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34959379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122098 |
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author | Kappes, Sebastian Faber, Thilo Nelleßen, Lotta Yesilkaya, Tanju Bock, Udo Lamprecht, Alf |
author_facet | Kappes, Sebastian Faber, Thilo Nelleßen, Lotta Yesilkaya, Tanju Bock, Udo Lamprecht, Alf |
author_sort | Kappes, Sebastian |
collection | PubMed |
description | Ungual formulations are regularly tested using human nails or animal surrogates in Franz diffusion cell experiments. Membranes sometimes less than 100 µm thick are used, disregarding the higher physiological thickness of human nails and possible fungal infection. In this study, bovine hoof membranes, healthy or infected with Trichophyton rubrum, underwent different imaging techniques highlighting that continuous pores traversed the entire membrane and infection resulted in fungal growth, both superficial, as well as in the membrane’s matrix. These membrane characteristics resulted in substantial differences in the permeation of the antifungal model substance bifonazole, depending on the dosage forms. Increasing the thickness of healthy membranes from 100 µm to 400 µm disproportionally reduced the permeated amount of bifonazole from the liquid and semisolid forms and allowed for a more pronounced assessment of the effects by excipients, such as urea as the permeation enhancer. Similarly, an infection of 400-µm membranes drastically increased the permeated amount. Therefore, the thickness and infection statuses of the membranes in the permeation experiments were essential for a differential readout, and standardized formulation-dependent experimental setups would be highly beneficial. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8707648 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87076482021-12-25 Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection Kappes, Sebastian Faber, Thilo Nelleßen, Lotta Yesilkaya, Tanju Bock, Udo Lamprecht, Alf Pharmaceutics Article Ungual formulations are regularly tested using human nails or animal surrogates in Franz diffusion cell experiments. Membranes sometimes less than 100 µm thick are used, disregarding the higher physiological thickness of human nails and possible fungal infection. In this study, bovine hoof membranes, healthy or infected with Trichophyton rubrum, underwent different imaging techniques highlighting that continuous pores traversed the entire membrane and infection resulted in fungal growth, both superficial, as well as in the membrane’s matrix. These membrane characteristics resulted in substantial differences in the permeation of the antifungal model substance bifonazole, depending on the dosage forms. Increasing the thickness of healthy membranes from 100 µm to 400 µm disproportionally reduced the permeated amount of bifonazole from the liquid and semisolid forms and allowed for a more pronounced assessment of the effects by excipients, such as urea as the permeation enhancer. Similarly, an infection of 400-µm membranes drastically increased the permeated amount. Therefore, the thickness and infection statuses of the membranes in the permeation experiments were essential for a differential readout, and standardized formulation-dependent experimental setups would be highly beneficial. MDPI 2021-12-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8707648/ /pubmed/34959379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122098 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Kappes, Sebastian Faber, Thilo Nelleßen, Lotta Yesilkaya, Tanju Bock, Udo Lamprecht, Alf Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection |
title | Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection |
title_full | Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection |
title_fullStr | Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection |
title_full_unstemmed | Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection |
title_short | Improving Transungual Permeation Study Design by Increased Bovine Hoof Membrane Thickness and Subsequent Infection |
title_sort | improving transungual permeation study design by increased bovine hoof membrane thickness and subsequent infection |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8707648/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34959379 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122098 |
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