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Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars
Consumers’ preference towards healthy and novel foods dictates the production of organic unfiltered bottled vinegar that still contains acetic acid bacteria. After ingesting vinegar, the bacteria come into close contact with the human microbiota, creating the possibility of horizontal gene transfer,...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744987/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010733 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010463 |
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author | Cepec, Eva Trček, Janja |
author_facet | Cepec, Eva Trček, Janja |
author_sort | Cepec, Eva |
collection | PubMed |
description | Consumers’ preference towards healthy and novel foods dictates the production of organic unfiltered bottled vinegar that still contains acetic acid bacteria. After ingesting vinegar, the bacteria come into close contact with the human microbiota, creating the possibility of horizontal gene transfer, including genetic determinants for antibiotic resistance. Due to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), we analyzed the AMR of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter species originating mainly from vinegars. Six antibiotics from different structural groups and mechanisms of action were selected for testing. The AMR was assessed with the disk diffusion method using various growth media. Although the number of resistant strains differed among the growth media, 97.4%, 74.4%, 56.4%, and 33.3% of strains were resistant to trimethoprim, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, respectively, on all three media. Moreover, 17.9% and 53.8% of all strains were resistant to four and three antibiotics of different antimicrobial classes, respectively. We then looked for antimicrobial resistance genes in the genome sequences of the reference strains. The most common genetic determinant potentially involved in AMR encodes an efflux pump. Since these genes pass through the gastrointestinal tract and may be transferred to human microbiota, further experiments are needed to analyze the probability of this scenario in more detail. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8744987 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87449872022-01-11 Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars Cepec, Eva Trček, Janja Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Consumers’ preference towards healthy and novel foods dictates the production of organic unfiltered bottled vinegar that still contains acetic acid bacteria. After ingesting vinegar, the bacteria come into close contact with the human microbiota, creating the possibility of horizontal gene transfer, including genetic determinants for antibiotic resistance. Due to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), we analyzed the AMR of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter species originating mainly from vinegars. Six antibiotics from different structural groups and mechanisms of action were selected for testing. The AMR was assessed with the disk diffusion method using various growth media. Although the number of resistant strains differed among the growth media, 97.4%, 74.4%, 56.4%, and 33.3% of strains were resistant to trimethoprim, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, respectively, on all three media. Moreover, 17.9% and 53.8% of all strains were resistant to four and three antibiotics of different antimicrobial classes, respectively. We then looked for antimicrobial resistance genes in the genome sequences of the reference strains. The most common genetic determinant potentially involved in AMR encodes an efflux pump. Since these genes pass through the gastrointestinal tract and may be transferred to human microbiota, further experiments are needed to analyze the probability of this scenario in more detail. MDPI 2022-01-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8744987/ /pubmed/35010733 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010463 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Cepec, Eva Trček, Janja Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars |
title | Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars |
title_full | Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars |
title_fullStr | Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars |
title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars |
title_short | Antimicrobial Resistance of Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter Species Originating from Vinegars |
title_sort | antimicrobial resistance of acetobacter and komagataeibacter species originating from vinegars |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8744987/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010733 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010463 |
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