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Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age
SIMPLE SUMMARY: Pork is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. In many countries, pork is produced only from gilts or barrows because of the presence of boar taint in boar’s meat. Boar taint is an unpleasant odour, which is present in the meat and fat of boars. This odour is related to the increa...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8772544/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35049780 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020157 |
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author | Pokorná, Kamila Čítek, Jaroslav Doležal, Petr Małopolska, Martyna Tyra, Mirosłav Okrouhlá, Monika Zadinová, Kateřina Šprysl, Michal Lebedová, Nicole Stupka, Roman |
author_facet | Pokorná, Kamila Čítek, Jaroslav Doležal, Petr Małopolska, Martyna Tyra, Mirosłav Okrouhlá, Monika Zadinová, Kateřina Šprysl, Michal Lebedová, Nicole Stupka, Roman |
author_sort | Pokorná, Kamila |
collection | PubMed |
description | SIMPLE SUMMARY: Pork is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. In many countries, pork is produced only from gilts or barrows because of the presence of boar taint in boar’s meat. Boar taint is an unpleasant odour, which is present in the meat and fat of boars. This odour is related to the increasing age and body weight of boars. The absence of boar taint in the final product can be achieved by castration of boars. Regarding the welfare of the animals, it would be appropriate to find a non-invasive, reliable, and working method for the determination of boar taint during the fattening of boars. Androstenone, which is one of the main compounds responsible for boar taint, can be determined from saliva. This method appears to be a hopeful way to predict individuals with a high level of this compound. Based on the current knowledge, the early slaughter of boars could be a suitable and functional step to avoid boar taint in the meat or fat, respectively. This is a pilot study that is focused on the non-invasive determination of boar taint on live animals. In the future, this method could be simplified and adjusted for use in farm conditions. ABSTRACT: With the increasing age of boars, the possibility of androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one (AND), 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol (α-AND), and 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol (β-AND)) occurrence increases as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentrations of androstenone compounds in the saliva of boars concerning the age of animals. In total, 72 boars were evaluated (24 boars per replication). The effect of age (three different ages—152, 163, and 172 days) was observed, and (Landrace × Large White) × Pietrain genotypes were used. Chemical analysis of saliva samples was conducted by multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS). Salivary α-AND increased with age (p < 0.05), and positive correlations were found between age and submaxillary salivary gland weight (p < 0.05), age, and salivary AND concentration (p < 0.05), body weight and submaxillary salivary gland weight (p < 0.05), submaxillary salivary gland weight and salivary β-AND concentration (p < 0.05), as well as submaxillary salivary gland weight and total salivary 5α-androstenone (AND total) concentration (p < 0.001). Nowadays, animal welfare is becoming a more and more discussed topic, and pig breeding is not an exception. Specifically, the castration ban is a current issue, so it is very important to know as much as possible about compounds responsible for boar taint. Androstenone’s appearance in boars’ saliva could be one of the most important precursors for future early detection of boar taint. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8772544 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87725442022-01-21 Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age Pokorná, Kamila Čítek, Jaroslav Doležal, Petr Małopolska, Martyna Tyra, Mirosłav Okrouhlá, Monika Zadinová, Kateřina Šprysl, Michal Lebedová, Nicole Stupka, Roman Animals (Basel) Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: Pork is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. In many countries, pork is produced only from gilts or barrows because of the presence of boar taint in boar’s meat. Boar taint is an unpleasant odour, which is present in the meat and fat of boars. This odour is related to the increasing age and body weight of boars. The absence of boar taint in the final product can be achieved by castration of boars. Regarding the welfare of the animals, it would be appropriate to find a non-invasive, reliable, and working method for the determination of boar taint during the fattening of boars. Androstenone, which is one of the main compounds responsible for boar taint, can be determined from saliva. This method appears to be a hopeful way to predict individuals with a high level of this compound. Based on the current knowledge, the early slaughter of boars could be a suitable and functional step to avoid boar taint in the meat or fat, respectively. This is a pilot study that is focused on the non-invasive determination of boar taint on live animals. In the future, this method could be simplified and adjusted for use in farm conditions. ABSTRACT: With the increasing age of boars, the possibility of androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one (AND), 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol (α-AND), and 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol (β-AND)) occurrence increases as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentrations of androstenone compounds in the saliva of boars concerning the age of animals. In total, 72 boars were evaluated (24 boars per replication). The effect of age (three different ages—152, 163, and 172 days) was observed, and (Landrace × Large White) × Pietrain genotypes were used. Chemical analysis of saliva samples was conducted by multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS). Salivary α-AND increased with age (p < 0.05), and positive correlations were found between age and submaxillary salivary gland weight (p < 0.05), age, and salivary AND concentration (p < 0.05), body weight and submaxillary salivary gland weight (p < 0.05), submaxillary salivary gland weight and salivary β-AND concentration (p < 0.05), as well as submaxillary salivary gland weight and total salivary 5α-androstenone (AND total) concentration (p < 0.001). Nowadays, animal welfare is becoming a more and more discussed topic, and pig breeding is not an exception. Specifically, the castration ban is a current issue, so it is very important to know as much as possible about compounds responsible for boar taint. Androstenone’s appearance in boars’ saliva could be one of the most important precursors for future early detection of boar taint. MDPI 2022-01-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8772544/ /pubmed/35049780 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020157 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Pokorná, Kamila Čítek, Jaroslav Doležal, Petr Małopolska, Martyna Tyra, Mirosłav Okrouhlá, Monika Zadinová, Kateřina Šprysl, Michal Lebedová, Nicole Stupka, Roman Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age |
title | Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age |
title_full | Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age |
title_fullStr | Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age |
title_full_unstemmed | Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age |
title_short | Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age |
title_sort | changes of androstenone concentrations in saliva of boars with age |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8772544/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35049780 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020157 |
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