A Tear Metabolomic Profile Showing Increased Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Spermine Synthesis in Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy

About half of patients with Graves’ disease develop an orbitopathy related to an inflammatory expansion of the periorbital adipose tissue and muscles. We used a targeted metabolomic approach measuring 188 metabolites by mass spectrometry to compare the metabolic composition of tears in patients with active (n = 21) versus inactive (n = 24) thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Among the 44 metabolites accurately measured, 8 showed a significant alteration of their concentrations between the two groups. Two short-chain acylcarnitines, propionylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine, and spermine showed increased concentrations in the tears of patients with active orbitopathy, whereas ornithine, glycine, serine, citrulline and histidine showed decreased concentrations in this group. In addition, the ratio putrescine/ornithine, representing the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, was significantly increased in patients with active compared to inactive orbitopathy (p = 0.0011, fold change 3.75). The specificity of this candidate biomarker was maintained when compared to a control group with unclassified dry eye disease. Our results suggest that the stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase by TSH receptor autoantibodies in orbital fibroblasts could lead to increased synthesis of spermine, through the increased activity of ornithine decarboxylase, that may contribute to periorbital expansion in Graves’ ophthalmopathy.