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Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma
The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (RTK-AXL) is implicated in therapy resistance and tumor progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we investigated therapy-induced receptor modifications and how endogenous RTK-AXL expression and RTK-AXL inhibition contribute to therapy resistance in GBM. GB...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8781963/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35055167 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020982 |
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author | Scherschinski, Lea Prem, Markus Kremenetskaia, Irina Tinhofer, Ingeborg Vajkoczy, Peter Karbe, Anna-Gila Onken, Julia Sophie |
author_facet | Scherschinski, Lea Prem, Markus Kremenetskaia, Irina Tinhofer, Ingeborg Vajkoczy, Peter Karbe, Anna-Gila Onken, Julia Sophie |
author_sort | Scherschinski, Lea |
collection | PubMed |
description | The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (RTK-AXL) is implicated in therapy resistance and tumor progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we investigated therapy-induced receptor modifications and how endogenous RTK-AXL expression and RTK-AXL inhibition contribute to therapy resistance in GBM. GBM cell lines U118MG and SF126 were exposed to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (RTX). Receptor modifications in response to therapy were investigated on protein and mRNA levels. TMZ-resistant and RTK-AXL overexpressing cell lines were exposed to increasing doses of TMZ and RTX, with and without RTK-AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Colorimetric microtiter (MTT) assay and colony formation assay (CFA) were used to assess cell viability. Results showed that the RTK-AXL shedding product, C-terminal AXL (CT-AXL), rises in response to repeated TMZ doses and under hypoxia, acts as a surrogate marker for radio-resistance. Endogenous RTX-AXL overexpression leads to therapy resistance, whereas combination therapy of TZM and RTX with TKI R428 significantly increases therapeutic effects. This data proves the role of RTK-AXL in acquired and intrinsic therapy resistance. By demonstrating that therapy resistance may be overcome by combining AXL TKI with standard treatments, we have provided a rationale for future study designs investigating AXL TKIs in GBM. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8781963 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87819632022-01-22 Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma Scherschinski, Lea Prem, Markus Kremenetskaia, Irina Tinhofer, Ingeborg Vajkoczy, Peter Karbe, Anna-Gila Onken, Julia Sophie Int J Mol Sci Article The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (RTK-AXL) is implicated in therapy resistance and tumor progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we investigated therapy-induced receptor modifications and how endogenous RTK-AXL expression and RTK-AXL inhibition contribute to therapy resistance in GBM. GBM cell lines U118MG and SF126 were exposed to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (RTX). Receptor modifications in response to therapy were investigated on protein and mRNA levels. TMZ-resistant and RTK-AXL overexpressing cell lines were exposed to increasing doses of TMZ and RTX, with and without RTK-AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Colorimetric microtiter (MTT) assay and colony formation assay (CFA) were used to assess cell viability. Results showed that the RTK-AXL shedding product, C-terminal AXL (CT-AXL), rises in response to repeated TMZ doses and under hypoxia, acts as a surrogate marker for radio-resistance. Endogenous RTX-AXL overexpression leads to therapy resistance, whereas combination therapy of TZM and RTX with TKI R428 significantly increases therapeutic effects. This data proves the role of RTK-AXL in acquired and intrinsic therapy resistance. By demonstrating that therapy resistance may be overcome by combining AXL TKI with standard treatments, we have provided a rationale for future study designs investigating AXL TKIs in GBM. MDPI 2022-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8781963/ /pubmed/35055167 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020982 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Scherschinski, Lea Prem, Markus Kremenetskaia, Irina Tinhofer, Ingeborg Vajkoczy, Peter Karbe, Anna-Gila Onken, Julia Sophie Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma |
title | Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma |
title_full | Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma |
title_fullStr | Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma |
title_full_unstemmed | Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma |
title_short | Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase AXL in Response to Therapy and Its Role in Therapy Resistance in Glioblastoma |
title_sort | regulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase axl in response to therapy and its role in therapy resistance in glioblastoma |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8781963/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35055167 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020982 |
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