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Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China

Amygdalin, a naturally occurring compound, is one of the main active ingredients of the Chinese raw bitter almond. The variation in amygdalin composition of seed kernels among the six almond species was determined, and relationships with geoenvironmental factors were analyzed. The amygdalin content...

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Autores principales: Wang, Wei, Xiao, Xun-Ze, Xu, Xin-Qiao, Li, Zhen-Jian, Zhang, Jun-Ming
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8831915/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35154172
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.753151
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author Wang, Wei
Xiao, Xun-Ze
Xu, Xin-Qiao
Li, Zhen-Jian
Zhang, Jun-Ming
author_facet Wang, Wei
Xiao, Xun-Ze
Xu, Xin-Qiao
Li, Zhen-Jian
Zhang, Jun-Ming
author_sort Wang, Wei
collection PubMed
description Amygdalin, a naturally occurring compound, is one of the main active ingredients of the Chinese raw bitter almond. The variation in amygdalin composition of seed kernels among the six almond species was determined, and relationships with geoenvironmental factors were analyzed. The amygdalin content exhibited great diversity, ranging from 0.0004 to 9.73 g/100 g. The highest level of amygdalin was detected in Tangut almond, with 5.45–9.73 g/100 g. The other kernels showed a range from 3.14 to 6.80 g/100 g in wild almond and from 3.00 to 4.22 g/100 g in longstalk almond. Amygdalin in common almond was almost undetectable. Factor analysis showed that amygdalin content in Prunus spp. kernels increased with altitude and decreased with the degree of aspect. Many environmental factors were closely related to amygdalin content, including annual precipitation (Bio12), UV intensity, and topsoil base saturation (T_BS), which all had a significant effect on amygdalin content. The amygdalin content is closely related to rainfall indicators, especially annual precipitation (Bio12), with the highest factor analysis value (3.63). Water regulates amygdalin in diverse ways. Since amygdalin is water-soluble, water can reduce the inhibitory effect of amygdalin on germination and regulate the synthesis of amygdalin at the late stage of germination by activating the amygdalin synthesis genes CYP79D16 and CYP71AN24. This study expands the understanding of amygdalin in almond resources and provides the direction for the regulation of amygdalin.
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spelling pubmed-88319152022-02-12 Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China Wang, Wei Xiao, Xun-Ze Xu, Xin-Qiao Li, Zhen-Jian Zhang, Jun-Ming Front Plant Sci Plant Science Amygdalin, a naturally occurring compound, is one of the main active ingredients of the Chinese raw bitter almond. The variation in amygdalin composition of seed kernels among the six almond species was determined, and relationships with geoenvironmental factors were analyzed. The amygdalin content exhibited great diversity, ranging from 0.0004 to 9.73 g/100 g. The highest level of amygdalin was detected in Tangut almond, with 5.45–9.73 g/100 g. The other kernels showed a range from 3.14 to 6.80 g/100 g in wild almond and from 3.00 to 4.22 g/100 g in longstalk almond. Amygdalin in common almond was almost undetectable. Factor analysis showed that amygdalin content in Prunus spp. kernels increased with altitude and decreased with the degree of aspect. Many environmental factors were closely related to amygdalin content, including annual precipitation (Bio12), UV intensity, and topsoil base saturation (T_BS), which all had a significant effect on amygdalin content. The amygdalin content is closely related to rainfall indicators, especially annual precipitation (Bio12), with the highest factor analysis value (3.63). Water regulates amygdalin in diverse ways. Since amygdalin is water-soluble, water can reduce the inhibitory effect of amygdalin on germination and regulate the synthesis of amygdalin at the late stage of germination by activating the amygdalin synthesis genes CYP79D16 and CYP71AN24. This study expands the understanding of amygdalin in almond resources and provides the direction for the regulation of amygdalin. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-01-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8831915/ /pubmed/35154172 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.753151 Text en Copyright © 2022 Wang, Xiao, Xu, Li and Zhang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Plant Science
Wang, Wei
Xiao, Xun-Ze
Xu, Xin-Qiao
Li, Zhen-Jian
Zhang, Jun-Ming
Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China
title Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China
title_full Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China
title_fullStr Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China
title_full_unstemmed Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China
title_short Variation in Amygdalin Content in Kernels of Six Almond Species (Prunus spp. L.) Distributed in China
title_sort variation in amygdalin content in kernels of six almond species (prunus spp. l.) distributed in china
topic Plant Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8831915/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35154172
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.753151
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