Scalable manufacturing platform for the production of methemoglobin as a non-oxygen carrying control material in studies of cell-free hemoglobin solutions

Methemoglobin (metHb) arises from the oxidation of ferrous hemoglobin (HbFe(2+), Hb) to ferric hemoglobin (HbFe(3+), metHb), which is unable to bind gaseous ligands such as oxygen (O(2)) and carbon monoxide (CO), and binds to nitric oxide (NO) significantly slower compared to Hb. Therefore, metHb does not elicit vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension in vivo due to its extremely slow NO scavenging rate in comparison to cell-free Hb, but will induce oxidative tissue injury, demonstrating the potential of using metHb as a control material when studying the toxicity of cell-free Hb. Hence, the goal of this work was to develop a novel manufacturing strategy for production of metHb that is amenable to scale-up. In this study, small scale (e.g. 1 mL reaction volume) screening experiments were initially conducted to determine the optimal molar ratio of Hb to the oxidization agents hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) to achieve the highest conversion of Hb into metHb. A spectral deconvolution program was employed to determine the molar fraction of various species (hemichrome, metHb, oxyHb, metHb-[Image: see text] , and NaNO(2)) in solution during the oxidation reaction. From this analysis, either a 1:1 or 1:5 molar ratio was identified as optimal molar ratios of Hb:NaNO(2) (heme basis) that yielded the highest conversion of Hb into metHb with negligible amounts of side products. Hence in order to reduce the reaction time, a 1:5 molar ratio was chosen for large scale (i.e. 1.5 L reaction volume) synthesis of bovine metHb (metbHb) and human metHb (methHb). The biophysical properties of metHb were then characterized to elucidate the potential of using the synthesized metHb as a non-O(2) carrying control material. The haptoglobin binding kinetics of metHb were found to be similar to Hb. Additionally, the synthesized metHb was stable in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 50 mM, pH 7.4) at 4°C for approximately one week, indicating the high stability of the material.