A Multimodal Sensory Apparatus for Robotic Prosthetic Feet Combining Optoelectronic Pressure Transducers and IMU

Timely and reliable identification of control phases is functional to the control of a powered robotic lower-limb prosthesis. This study presents a commercial energy-store-and-release foot prosthesis instrumented with a multimodal sensory system comprising optoelectronic pressure sensors (PS) and IMU. The performance was verified with eight healthy participants, comparing signals processed by two different algorithms, based on PS and IMU, respectively, for real-time detection of heel strike (HS) and toe-off (TO) events and an estimate of relevant biomechanical variables such as vertical ground reaction force ([Formula: see text]) and center of pressure along the sagittal axis ([Formula: see text]). The performance of both algorithms was benchmarked against a force platform and a marker-based stereophotogrammetric motion capture system. HS and TO were estimated with a time error lower than 0.100 s for both the algorithms, sufficient for the control of a lower-limb robotic prosthesis. Finally, the [Formula: see text] computed from the PS showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97 (0.02) with the same variable computed through the force platform.