Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer

BACKGROUND: Indirect core body temperature (CBT) monitoring from skin sensors is gaining attention for in-field applications thanks to non-invasivity, portability, and easy probe positioning. Among skin sensors, heat-flux devices, such as the so-called Double Sensor (DS), have demonstrated reliabili...

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Autores principales: Masè, Michela, Werner, Andreas, Putzer, Gabriel, Avancini, Giovanni, Falla, Marika, Brugger, Hermann, Micarelli, Alessandro, Strapazzon, Giacomo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8931521/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35309078
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.830059
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author Masè, Michela
Werner, Andreas
Putzer, Gabriel
Avancini, Giovanni
Falla, Marika
Brugger, Hermann
Micarelli, Alessandro
Strapazzon, Giacomo
author_facet Masè, Michela
Werner, Andreas
Putzer, Gabriel
Avancini, Giovanni
Falla, Marika
Brugger, Hermann
Micarelli, Alessandro
Strapazzon, Giacomo
author_sort Masè, Michela
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Indirect core body temperature (CBT) monitoring from skin sensors is gaining attention for in-field applications thanks to non-invasivity, portability, and easy probe positioning. Among skin sensors, heat-flux devices, such as the so-called Double Sensor (DS), have demonstrated reliability under various experimental and clinical conditions. Still, their accuracy at low ambient temperatures is unknown. In this randomized cross-over trial, we tested the effects of cold temperature exposition on DS performance in tracking CBT. METHODS: Twenty-one participants were exposed to a warm (23.2 ± 0.4°C) and cold (−18.7 ± 1.0°C) room condition for 10 min, following a randomized cross-over design. The accuracy of the DS to estimate CBT in both settings was assessed by quantitative comparison with esophageal (reference) and tympanic (comparator) thermometers, using Bland–Altman and correlation analyses (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, CCC). RESULTS: In the warm room setting, the DS showed a moderate agreement with the esophageal sensor [bias = 0.09 (−1.51; 1.69) °C, r = 0.40 (p = 0.069), CCC = 0.22 (−0.006; 0.43)] and tympanic sensor [bias = 2.74 (1.13; 4.35) °C, r = 0.54 (p < 0.05), CCC = 0.09 (0.008; 0.16)]. DS accuracy significantly deteriorated in the cold room setting, where DS temperature overestimated esophageal temperature [bias = 2.16 (−0.89; 5.22) °C, r = 0.02 (0.94), CCC = 0.002 (−0.05; 0.06)]. Previous exposition to the cold influenced temperature values measured by the DS in the warm room setting, where significant differences (p < 0.00001) in DS temperature were observed between randomization groups. CONCLUSION: DS accuracy is influenced by environmental conditions and previous exposure to cold settings. These results suggest the present inadequacy of the DS device for in-field applications in low-temperature environments and advocate further technological advancements and proper sensor insulation to improve performance in these conditions.
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spelling pubmed-89315212022-03-19 Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer Masè, Michela Werner, Andreas Putzer, Gabriel Avancini, Giovanni Falla, Marika Brugger, Hermann Micarelli, Alessandro Strapazzon, Giacomo Front Physiol Physiology BACKGROUND: Indirect core body temperature (CBT) monitoring from skin sensors is gaining attention for in-field applications thanks to non-invasivity, portability, and easy probe positioning. Among skin sensors, heat-flux devices, such as the so-called Double Sensor (DS), have demonstrated reliability under various experimental and clinical conditions. Still, their accuracy at low ambient temperatures is unknown. In this randomized cross-over trial, we tested the effects of cold temperature exposition on DS performance in tracking CBT. METHODS: Twenty-one participants were exposed to a warm (23.2 ± 0.4°C) and cold (−18.7 ± 1.0°C) room condition for 10 min, following a randomized cross-over design. The accuracy of the DS to estimate CBT in both settings was assessed by quantitative comparison with esophageal (reference) and tympanic (comparator) thermometers, using Bland–Altman and correlation analyses (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, CCC). RESULTS: In the warm room setting, the DS showed a moderate agreement with the esophageal sensor [bias = 0.09 (−1.51; 1.69) °C, r = 0.40 (p = 0.069), CCC = 0.22 (−0.006; 0.43)] and tympanic sensor [bias = 2.74 (1.13; 4.35) °C, r = 0.54 (p < 0.05), CCC = 0.09 (0.008; 0.16)]. DS accuracy significantly deteriorated in the cold room setting, where DS temperature overestimated esophageal temperature [bias = 2.16 (−0.89; 5.22) °C, r = 0.02 (0.94), CCC = 0.002 (−0.05; 0.06)]. Previous exposition to the cold influenced temperature values measured by the DS in the warm room setting, where significant differences (p < 0.00001) in DS temperature were observed between randomization groups. CONCLUSION: DS accuracy is influenced by environmental conditions and previous exposure to cold settings. These results suggest the present inadequacy of the DS device for in-field applications in low-temperature environments and advocate further technological advancements and proper sensor insulation to improve performance in these conditions. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8931521/ /pubmed/35309078 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.830059 Text en Copyright © 2022 Masè, Werner, Putzer, Avancini, Falla, Brugger, Micarelli and Strapazzon. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Physiology
Masè, Michela
Werner, Andreas
Putzer, Gabriel
Avancini, Giovanni
Falla, Marika
Brugger, Hermann
Micarelli, Alessandro
Strapazzon, Giacomo
Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer
title Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer
title_full Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer
title_fullStr Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer
title_full_unstemmed Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer
title_short Low Ambient Temperature Exposition Impairs the Accuracy of a Non-invasive Heat-Flux Thermometer
title_sort low ambient temperature exposition impairs the accuracy of a non-invasive heat-flux thermometer
topic Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8931521/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35309078
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.830059
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