Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats
SIMPLE SUMMARY: High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are known to lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis, and to induce deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes following cervical spinal cord injury. We used a noninvasive therapeutic tool (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS))...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8945729/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35336846 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030473 |
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author | Michel-Flutot, Pauline Jesus, Isley Vanhee, Valentin Bourcier, Camille H. Emam, Laila Ouguerroudj, Abderrahim Lee, Kun-Ze Zholudeva, Lyandysha V. Lane, Michael A. Mansart, Arnaud Bonay, Marcel Vinit, Stéphane |
author_facet | Michel-Flutot, Pauline Jesus, Isley Vanhee, Valentin Bourcier, Camille H. Emam, Laila Ouguerroudj, Abderrahim Lee, Kun-Ze Zholudeva, Lyandysha V. Lane, Michael A. Mansart, Arnaud Bonay, Marcel Vinit, Stéphane |
author_sort | Michel-Flutot, Pauline |
collection | PubMed |
description | SIMPLE SUMMARY: High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are known to lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis, and to induce deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes following cervical spinal cord injury. We used a noninvasive therapeutic tool (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)), to harness plasticity in spared descending respiratory circuit and reduce the inflammatory processes. Briefly, the results obtained in this present study suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. ABSTRACT: High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis. The search for therapeutics to induce functional motor recovery is essential. One promising noninvasive therapeutic tool that could harness plasticity in a spared descending respiratory circuit is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Here, we tested the effect of chronic high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS above the cortical areas in C2 hemisected rats when applied for 7 days, 1 month, or 2 months. An increase in intact hemidiaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity and excitability (diaphragm motor evoked potentials) was observed after 1 month of rTMS application. Interestingly, despite no real functional effects of rTMS treatment on the injured hemidiaphragm activity during eupnea, 2 months of rTMS treatment strengthened the existing crossed phrenic pathways, allowing the injured hemidiaphragm to increase its activity during the respiratory challenge (i.e., asphyxia). This effect could be explained by a strengthening of respiratory descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculi (an increase in GAP-43 positive fibers), sustained by a reduction in inflammation in the C1–C3 spinal cord (reduction in CD68 and Iba1 labeling), and acceleration of intracellular plasticity processes in phrenic motoneurons after chronic rTMS treatment. These results suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8945729 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89457292022-03-25 Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats Michel-Flutot, Pauline Jesus, Isley Vanhee, Valentin Bourcier, Camille H. Emam, Laila Ouguerroudj, Abderrahim Lee, Kun-Ze Zholudeva, Lyandysha V. Lane, Michael A. Mansart, Arnaud Bonay, Marcel Vinit, Stéphane Biology (Basel) Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are known to lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis, and to induce deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes following cervical spinal cord injury. We used a noninvasive therapeutic tool (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)), to harness plasticity in spared descending respiratory circuit and reduce the inflammatory processes. Briefly, the results obtained in this present study suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. ABSTRACT: High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis. The search for therapeutics to induce functional motor recovery is essential. One promising noninvasive therapeutic tool that could harness plasticity in a spared descending respiratory circuit is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Here, we tested the effect of chronic high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS above the cortical areas in C2 hemisected rats when applied for 7 days, 1 month, or 2 months. An increase in intact hemidiaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity and excitability (diaphragm motor evoked potentials) was observed after 1 month of rTMS application. Interestingly, despite no real functional effects of rTMS treatment on the injured hemidiaphragm activity during eupnea, 2 months of rTMS treatment strengthened the existing crossed phrenic pathways, allowing the injured hemidiaphragm to increase its activity during the respiratory challenge (i.e., asphyxia). This effect could be explained by a strengthening of respiratory descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculi (an increase in GAP-43 positive fibers), sustained by a reduction in inflammation in the C1–C3 spinal cord (reduction in CD68 and Iba1 labeling), and acceleration of intracellular plasticity processes in phrenic motoneurons after chronic rTMS treatment. These results suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. MDPI 2022-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8945729/ /pubmed/35336846 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030473 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Michel-Flutot, Pauline Jesus, Isley Vanhee, Valentin Bourcier, Camille H. Emam, Laila Ouguerroudj, Abderrahim Lee, Kun-Ze Zholudeva, Lyandysha V. Lane, Michael A. Mansart, Arnaud Bonay, Marcel Vinit, Stéphane Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats |
title | Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats |
title_full | Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats |
title_fullStr | Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats |
title_short | Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats |
title_sort | effects of chronic high-frequency rtms protocol on respiratory neuroplasticity following c2 spinal cord hemisection in rats |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8945729/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35336846 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030473 |
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