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Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016

BACKGROUND: Coffee raises serum cholesterol because of its diterpenes, cafestol and kahweol, and the effect varies by brewing method. Population-based research on espresso coffee’s impact on serum cholesterol is scarce. Our aim was to examine how various brewing methods, in particular espresso, were...

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Autores principales: Svatun, Åsne Lirhus, Løchen, Maja-Lisa, Thelle, Dag Steinar, Wilsgaard, Tom
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995942/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35537850
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001946
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author Svatun, Åsne Lirhus
Løchen, Maja-Lisa
Thelle, Dag Steinar
Wilsgaard, Tom
author_facet Svatun, Åsne Lirhus
Løchen, Maja-Lisa
Thelle, Dag Steinar
Wilsgaard, Tom
author_sort Svatun, Åsne Lirhus
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Coffee raises serum cholesterol because of its diterpenes, cafestol and kahweol, and the effect varies by brewing method. Population-based research on espresso coffee’s impact on serum cholesterol is scarce. Our aim was to examine how various brewing methods, in particular espresso, were associated with serum total cholesterol (S-TC). METHODS: We used cross-sectional population data from the seventh survey of the Tromsø Study in Northern Norway (N=21 083, age ≥40 years). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between S-TC as the dependent variable and each level of coffee consumption using 0 cups as the reference level, adjusting for relevant covariates and testing for sex differences. RESULTS: Consumption of 3–5 cups of espresso daily was significantly associated with increased S-TC (0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.17 for women and 0.16 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.24 for men), compared with participants drinking 0 cups of espresso per day. Consumption of ≥6 cups of boiled/plunger coffee daily was also associated with increased S-TC (0.30 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.48 for women and 0.23 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.38 for men), compared with participants drinking 0 cups of boiled/plunger coffee. Consumption of ≥6 cups of filtered coffee daily was associated with 0.11 mmol/L (95% CI 0.03 to 0.19) higher S-TC levels for women but not for men. Instant coffee consumption had a significant linear trend but showed no dose–response relationship when excluding participants not drinking instant coffee. There were significant sex differences for all coffee types except boiled/plunger coffee. CONCLUSION: Espresso coffee consumption was associated with increased S-TC with significantly stronger association for men compared with women. Boiled/plunger coffee was associated with increased S-TC in both sexes and with similar magnitude as shown in previous research. Filtered coffee was associated with a small increase in S-TC in women. Further research on espresso and S-TC is warranted.
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spelling pubmed-89959422022-04-27 Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016 Svatun, Åsne Lirhus Løchen, Maja-Lisa Thelle, Dag Steinar Wilsgaard, Tom Open Heart Cardiac Risk Factors and Prevention BACKGROUND: Coffee raises serum cholesterol because of its diterpenes, cafestol and kahweol, and the effect varies by brewing method. Population-based research on espresso coffee’s impact on serum cholesterol is scarce. Our aim was to examine how various brewing methods, in particular espresso, were associated with serum total cholesterol (S-TC). METHODS: We used cross-sectional population data from the seventh survey of the Tromsø Study in Northern Norway (N=21 083, age ≥40 years). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between S-TC as the dependent variable and each level of coffee consumption using 0 cups as the reference level, adjusting for relevant covariates and testing for sex differences. RESULTS: Consumption of 3–5 cups of espresso daily was significantly associated with increased S-TC (0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.17 for women and 0.16 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.24 for men), compared with participants drinking 0 cups of espresso per day. Consumption of ≥6 cups of boiled/plunger coffee daily was also associated with increased S-TC (0.30 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.48 for women and 0.23 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.38 for men), compared with participants drinking 0 cups of boiled/plunger coffee. Consumption of ≥6 cups of filtered coffee daily was associated with 0.11 mmol/L (95% CI 0.03 to 0.19) higher S-TC levels for women but not for men. Instant coffee consumption had a significant linear trend but showed no dose–response relationship when excluding participants not drinking instant coffee. There were significant sex differences for all coffee types except boiled/plunger coffee. CONCLUSION: Espresso coffee consumption was associated with increased S-TC with significantly stronger association for men compared with women. Boiled/plunger coffee was associated with increased S-TC in both sexes and with similar magnitude as shown in previous research. Filtered coffee was associated with a small increase in S-TC in women. Further research on espresso and S-TC is warranted. BMJ Publishing Group 2022-04-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8995942/ /pubmed/35537850 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001946 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Cardiac Risk Factors and Prevention
Svatun, Åsne Lirhus
Løchen, Maja-Lisa
Thelle, Dag Steinar
Wilsgaard, Tom
Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
title Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
title_full Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
title_fullStr Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
title_full_unstemmed Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
title_short Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
title_sort association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the tromsø study 2015–2016
topic Cardiac Risk Factors and Prevention
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995942/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35537850
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001946
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