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Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia
Milk is a highly nutritious and perfect natural food for humans. However, when lactating animals feed on Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-containing feed, the hydroxyl metabolite aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) contaminates the milk and dairy products. The objective of the current study was to assess the level of AF...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025532/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35448885 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040276 |
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author | Zebib, Haftom Abate, Dawit Woldegiorgis, Ashagrie Zewdu |
author_facet | Zebib, Haftom Abate, Dawit Woldegiorgis, Ashagrie Zewdu |
author_sort | Zebib, Haftom |
collection | PubMed |
description | Milk is a highly nutritious and perfect natural food for humans. However, when lactating animals feed on Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-containing feed, the hydroxyl metabolite aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) contaminates the milk and dairy products. The objective of the current study was to assess the level of AFM(1) in raw milk, normally pasteurized milk and Ethiopian cottage cheese collected from value chain actors (producers, collectors, processors and retailers). Cross-sectional study and simple random techniques were used to collect primary samples. A total of 160 composite samples was collected; raw milk (n = 64), pasteurized milk (n = 64) and cheese (n = 32) was analyzed. Quantitative analysis of AFM(1) was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicate that AFM(1) was detected in all milk products. Results along value chains show that the concentration of AFM(1) in raw milk from collectors was significantly higher than from producers, and in pasteurized milk from processors and retailers (p < 0.05). However, no significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed in cottage cheese value-chain actors in all regions. Comparison of AFM(1) mean values among all dairy products shows that raw milk had a significantly higher concentration of AFM(1) followed by pasteurized milk and cottage cheese. However, there was no significant difference between raw and pasteurized milk (p > 0.05). The mean AFM(1) contamination in milk products ranged from 0.137 to 0.319 µg/L (mean value 0.285 µg/L). The contamination percentages of AFM(1) in raw milk (62.50%), pasteurized milk (67.20%) and cottage cheese (25%) were above the regulatory limit set by the European Union (EU) (0.05 µg/L). According to USA/Ethiopian Standard (US/ES) (0.50 µg/L), 21.87%, 25% and 1% exceeded the regulatory limit for the above products, respectively. The overall prevalence (56.88%) was above the EU regulatory limit and 19.38% over US/ES regulations. Therefore, to provide accurate information about the health risk to consumers, there is a need to conduct risk assessment studies in consumers of milk and dairy products at different age groups. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9025532 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90255322022-04-23 Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia Zebib, Haftom Abate, Dawit Woldegiorgis, Ashagrie Zewdu Toxins (Basel) Article Milk is a highly nutritious and perfect natural food for humans. However, when lactating animals feed on Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-containing feed, the hydroxyl metabolite aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) contaminates the milk and dairy products. The objective of the current study was to assess the level of AFM(1) in raw milk, normally pasteurized milk and Ethiopian cottage cheese collected from value chain actors (producers, collectors, processors and retailers). Cross-sectional study and simple random techniques were used to collect primary samples. A total of 160 composite samples was collected; raw milk (n = 64), pasteurized milk (n = 64) and cheese (n = 32) was analyzed. Quantitative analysis of AFM(1) was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicate that AFM(1) was detected in all milk products. Results along value chains show that the concentration of AFM(1) in raw milk from collectors was significantly higher than from producers, and in pasteurized milk from processors and retailers (p < 0.05). However, no significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed in cottage cheese value-chain actors in all regions. Comparison of AFM(1) mean values among all dairy products shows that raw milk had a significantly higher concentration of AFM(1) followed by pasteurized milk and cottage cheese. However, there was no significant difference between raw and pasteurized milk (p > 0.05). The mean AFM(1) contamination in milk products ranged from 0.137 to 0.319 µg/L (mean value 0.285 µg/L). The contamination percentages of AFM(1) in raw milk (62.50%), pasteurized milk (67.20%) and cottage cheese (25%) were above the regulatory limit set by the European Union (EU) (0.05 µg/L). According to USA/Ethiopian Standard (US/ES) (0.50 µg/L), 21.87%, 25% and 1% exceeded the regulatory limit for the above products, respectively. The overall prevalence (56.88%) was above the EU regulatory limit and 19.38% over US/ES regulations. Therefore, to provide accurate information about the health risk to consumers, there is a need to conduct risk assessment studies in consumers of milk and dairy products at different age groups. MDPI 2022-04-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9025532/ /pubmed/35448885 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040276 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Zebib, Haftom Abate, Dawit Woldegiorgis, Ashagrie Zewdu Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia |
title | Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia |
title_full | Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia |
title_fullStr | Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia |
title_full_unstemmed | Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia |
title_short | Aflatoxin M(1) in Raw Milk, Pasteurized Milk and Cottage Cheese Collected along Value Chain Actors from Three Regions of Ethiopia |
title_sort | aflatoxin m(1) in raw milk, pasteurized milk and cottage cheese collected along value chain actors from three regions of ethiopia |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025532/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35448885 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040276 |
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