Apoptotic and DNA Damage Effect of 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose in Cisplatin-Resistant Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells via Phosphorylation of H(2)AX, CHK2 and p53

Herein, the apoptotic mechanism of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) was examined in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. PGG significantly reduced viability; increased sub-G1 accumulation and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells; induced the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspases (8,9,3,7), B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN); and attenuated the expression of p-AKT, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin in A549/cisplatin-resistant (CR) and H460/CR cells. Notably, PGG activated p53, p-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) and p-H2A histone family member X (p-H(2)AX), with increased levels of DNA damage (DSBs) evaluated by highly expressed pH2AX and DNA fragmentation registered on comet assay, while p53 knockdown reduced the ability of PGG to reduce viability and cleave caspase 3 and PARP in A549/CR and H460/CR cells. Additionally, PGG treatment suppressed the growth of H460/CR cells in Balb/c athymic nude mice with increased caspase 3 expression compared with the cisplatin group. Overall, PGG induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells via the upregulation of DNA damage proteins such as γ-H(2)AX, pCHK2 and p53.