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Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups
Brevetoxins are a suite of marine neurotoxins that activate voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in cell membranes, with toxicity occurring from persistent activation of the channel at high doses. Lower doses, in contrast, have been shown to elicit neuroregeneration. Brevetoxins have thus been prop...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9031394/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35447906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20040233 |
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author | McCall, Jennifer R. Sausman, Kathryn T. Keeler, Devon M. Brown, Ariel P. Turrise, Stephanie L. |
author_facet | McCall, Jennifer R. Sausman, Kathryn T. Keeler, Devon M. Brown, Ariel P. Turrise, Stephanie L. |
author_sort | McCall, Jennifer R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Brevetoxins are a suite of marine neurotoxins that activate voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in cell membranes, with toxicity occurring from persistent activation of the channel at high doses. Lower doses, in contrast, have been shown to elicit neuroregeneration. Brevetoxins have thus been proposed as a novel treatment for patients after stroke, when neuron regrowth and repair is critical to recovery. However, findings from environmental exposures indicate that brevetoxins may cause inflammation, thus, there is concern for brevetoxins as a stroke therapy given the potential for neuroinflammation. In this study, we examined the inflammatory properties of several brevetoxin analogs, including those that do and do not bind strongly to VGSCs, as binding has classically indicated toxicity. We found that several analogs are toxic to monocytes, while others are not, and the degree of toxicity is not directly related to VGSC binding. Rather, results indicate that brevetoxins containing aldehyde groups were more likely to cause immunotoxicity, regardless of binding affinity to the VGSC. Our results demonstrate that different brevetoxin family members can elicit a spectrum of apoptosis and necrosis by multiple possible mechanisms of action in monocytes. As such, care should be taken in treating “brevetoxins” as a uniform group, particularly in stroke therapy research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9031394 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90313942022-04-23 Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups McCall, Jennifer R. Sausman, Kathryn T. Keeler, Devon M. Brown, Ariel P. Turrise, Stephanie L. Mar Drugs Article Brevetoxins are a suite of marine neurotoxins that activate voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in cell membranes, with toxicity occurring from persistent activation of the channel at high doses. Lower doses, in contrast, have been shown to elicit neuroregeneration. Brevetoxins have thus been proposed as a novel treatment for patients after stroke, when neuron regrowth and repair is critical to recovery. However, findings from environmental exposures indicate that brevetoxins may cause inflammation, thus, there is concern for brevetoxins as a stroke therapy given the potential for neuroinflammation. In this study, we examined the inflammatory properties of several brevetoxin analogs, including those that do and do not bind strongly to VGSCs, as binding has classically indicated toxicity. We found that several analogs are toxic to monocytes, while others are not, and the degree of toxicity is not directly related to VGSC binding. Rather, results indicate that brevetoxins containing aldehyde groups were more likely to cause immunotoxicity, regardless of binding affinity to the VGSC. Our results demonstrate that different brevetoxin family members can elicit a spectrum of apoptosis and necrosis by multiple possible mechanisms of action in monocytes. As such, care should be taken in treating “brevetoxins” as a uniform group, particularly in stroke therapy research. MDPI 2022-03-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9031394/ /pubmed/35447906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20040233 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article McCall, Jennifer R. Sausman, Kathryn T. Keeler, Devon M. Brown, Ariel P. Turrise, Stephanie L. Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups |
title | Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups |
title_full | Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups |
title_fullStr | Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups |
title_full_unstemmed | Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups |
title_short | Immune Modulating Brevetoxins: Monocyte Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Activation of M1/M2 Response Elements Is Dependent on Reactive Groups |
title_sort | immune modulating brevetoxins: monocyte cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and activation of m1/m2 response elements is dependent on reactive groups |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9031394/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35447906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20040233 |
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