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Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review
Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9100260/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35566252 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092901 |
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author | Al-Khayri, Jameel M. Sahana, Gandasi Ravikumar Nagella, Praveen Joseph, Biljo V. Alessa, Fatima M. Al-Mssallem, Muneera Q. |
author_facet | Al-Khayri, Jameel M. Sahana, Gandasi Ravikumar Nagella, Praveen Joseph, Biljo V. Alessa, Fatima M. Al-Mssallem, Muneera Q. |
author_sort | Al-Khayri, Jameel M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies show that flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that render an anti-inflammatory effect. They inhibit the secretions of enzymes such as lysozymes and β-glucuronidase and inhibit the secretion of arachidonic acid, which reduces inflammatory reactions. Flavonoids such as quercetin, genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate modulate the expression and activation of a cytokine such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8); regulate the gene expression of many pro-inflammatory molecules such s nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), and E-selectins; and also inhibits inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase, which are pro-inflammatory enzymes. Understanding the anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids provides better treatment options, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This review highlights the sources, biochemical activities, and role of flavonoids in enhancing human health. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9100260 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91002602022-05-14 Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review Al-Khayri, Jameel M. Sahana, Gandasi Ravikumar Nagella, Praveen Joseph, Biljo V. Alessa, Fatima M. Al-Mssallem, Muneera Q. Molecules Review Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies show that flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that render an anti-inflammatory effect. They inhibit the secretions of enzymes such as lysozymes and β-glucuronidase and inhibit the secretion of arachidonic acid, which reduces inflammatory reactions. Flavonoids such as quercetin, genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate modulate the expression and activation of a cytokine such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8); regulate the gene expression of many pro-inflammatory molecules such s nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), and E-selectins; and also inhibits inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase, which are pro-inflammatory enzymes. Understanding the anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids provides better treatment options, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This review highlights the sources, biochemical activities, and role of flavonoids in enhancing human health. MDPI 2022-05-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9100260/ /pubmed/35566252 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092901 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Al-Khayri, Jameel M. Sahana, Gandasi Ravikumar Nagella, Praveen Joseph, Biljo V. Alessa, Fatima M. Al-Mssallem, Muneera Q. Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review |
title | Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review |
title_full | Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review |
title_fullStr | Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review |
title_short | Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review |
title_sort | flavonoids as potential anti-inflammatory molecules: a review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9100260/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35566252 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092901 |
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