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Norketamine, the Main Metabolite of Ketamine, Induces Mitochondria-Dependent and ER Stress-Triggered Apoptotic Death in Urothelial Cells via a Ca(2+)-Regulated ERK1/2-Activating Pathway
Ketamine-associated cystitis is characterized by suburothelial inflammation and urothelial cell death. Norketamine (NK), the main metabolite of ketamine, is abundant in urine following ketamine exposure. NK has been speculated to exert toxic effects in urothelial cells, similarly to ketamine. Howeve...
Autores principales: | Lin, Jhe-Wei, Lin, Yi-Chun, Liu, Jui-Ming, Liu, Shing-Hwa, Fang, Kai-Min, Hsu, Ren-Jun, Huang, Chun-Fa, Chang, Kai-Yao, Lee, Kuan-I, Chang, Kai-Chih, Su, Chin-Chuan, Chen, Ya-Wen |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9102902/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35563057 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094666 |
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