Tissue-Material Integration and Biostimulation Study of Collagen Acellular Matrices

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction after mastectomy using silicone implants is a surgical procedure that occasionally leads to capsular contracture formation. This phenomenon constitutes an important and persistent cause of morbidity, and no successful therapies are available to date. Recently, the use of acellular membranes as a protective material for silicone prostheses has been gaining attention due to their ability to prevent this adverse outcome. For this reason, the evaluation of the tissue-material integration and the induced biostimulation by acellular membranes results crucial. Evaluation of in vivo tissue integration and biostimulation induced by three different natural acellular collagen membranes. METHODS: Scanning electron microscopy was performed to analyse the membrane porosity and cells-biomaterial interaction in vitro, both in dry and wet conditions. Adipose-derived stem cells were cultured in the presence of membranes, and the colonisation capacity and differentiation potential of cells were assessed. In vivo tests and ex vivo analyses have been performed to evaluate dermal integration, absorption degree and biostimulation induced by the evaluated membrane. RESULTS: Analysis performed in vitro on the three different acellular dermal matrices evidenced that porosity and the morphological structure of membranes influence the liquid swelling ratio, affecting the cell mobility and the colonisation capacity. Moreover, the evaluated membranes influenced in different manner the adipose derived stem cells differentiation and their survival. In vivo investigation indicated that the absorption degree and the fluid accumulation surrounding the implant were membrane-dependent. Finally, ex vivo analysis confirmed the membrane-dependent behavior revealing different degree of tissue integration and biostimulation, such as adipogenic stimulation. CONCLUSION: The physico-chemical characteristics of the membranes play a key role in the biostimulation of the cellular environment inducing the development of well-organized adipose tissue.