Four AAs increase DMT1 abundance in duodenal brush-border membrane vesicles and enhance iron absorption in iron-deprived mice

Iron-deficiency anemia is common worldwide and typically treated by oral iron supplementation. Excess enteral iron, however, may cause pathological outcomes. Developing new repletion approaches is thus warranted. Previous experimentation revealed that select amino acids (AAs) induce trafficking of transporters onto the enterocyte brush-border membrane (BBM) and enhance electrolyte absorption/secretion. Here, we hypothesized that certain AAs would increase the abundance of the main intestinal iron importer, divalent metal-ion transporter 1 (DMT1), on the BBM of duodenal enterocytes, thus stimulating iron absorption. Accordingly, all 20 AAs were screened using an ex vivo duodenal loop/DMT1 western blotting approach. Four AAs (Asp, Gln, Glu, and Gly) were selected for further experimentation and combined into a new formulation. The 4 AAs stimulated (59)Fe transport in mouse duodenal epithelial sheets in Ussing chambers (∼4-fold; P < .05). In iron-deprived mice, oral intragastric administration of the 4 AA formulation increased DMT1 protein abundance on the enterocyte BBM by ∼1.5-fold (P < .05). The 4 AAs also enhanced in vivo (59)Fe absorption by ∼2-fold (P < .05), even when ∼26 µg of cold iron was included in the transport solution (equal to a human dose of ∼73 mg). Further experimentation using DMT1(int/int) mice showed that intestinal DMT1 was required for induction of iron transport by the 4 AAs. Select AAs thus enhance iron absorption by inducing DMT1 trafficking onto the apical membrane of duodenal enterocytes. We speculate that further refinement of this new 4 AA formulation will ultimately allow iron repletion at lower effective doses (thus mitigating negative side effects of excess enteral iron).