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Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases. The suppression of cathepsin B can inhibit tumor growth. The overexpression of cathepsin B can be used for the imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. PDT...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9146285/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35631388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050564 |
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author | Jain, Manish Bouilloux, Jordan Borrego, Ines Cook, Stéphane van den Bergh, Hubert Lange, Norbert Wagnieres, Georges Giraud, Marie-Noelle |
author_facet | Jain, Manish Bouilloux, Jordan Borrego, Ines Cook, Stéphane van den Bergh, Hubert Lange, Norbert Wagnieres, Georges Giraud, Marie-Noelle |
author_sort | Jain, Manish |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases. The suppression of cathepsin B can inhibit tumor growth. The overexpression of cathepsin B can be used for the imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. PDT targeting of cathepsin B may have a significant potential for selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity. We synthesized a cathepsin B-cleavable polymeric photosensitizer prodrug (CTSB-PPP) that releases pheophorbide a (Pha), an efficient photosensitizer upon activation with cathepsin B. We determined the concentration dependant uptake in vitro, the safety, and subsequent PDT-induced toxicity of CTSB-PPP, and ROS production. CTSB-PPP was cleaved in bone marrow cells (BMCs), which express a high cathepsin B level. We showed that the intracellular fluorescence of Pha increased with increasing doses (3–48 µM) and exerted significant dark toxicity above 12 µM, as assessed by MTT assay. However, 6 µM showed no toxicity on cell viability and ex vivo vascular function. Time-dependent studies revealed that cellular accumulation of CTSB-PPP (6 µM) peaked at 60 min of treatment. PDT (light dose: 0–100 J/cm(2), fluence rate: 100 mW/cm(2)) was applied after CTSB-PPP treatment (6 µM for 60 min) using a special frontal light diffuser coupled to a diode laser (671 nm). PDT resulted in a light dose-dependent reduction in the viability of BMCs and was associated with an increased intracellular ROS generation. Fluorescence and ROS generation was significantly reduced when the BMCs were pre-treated with E64-d, a cysteine protease inhibitor. In conclusion, we provide evidence that CTSB-PPP showed no dark toxicity at low concentrations. This probe could be utilized as a potential imaging agent to identify cells or tissues with cathepsin B activity. CTSB-PPP-based PDT results in effective cytotoxicity and thus, holds great promise as a therapeutic agent for achieving the selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9146285 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91462852022-05-29 Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies Jain, Manish Bouilloux, Jordan Borrego, Ines Cook, Stéphane van den Bergh, Hubert Lange, Norbert Wagnieres, Georges Giraud, Marie-Noelle Pharmaceuticals (Basel) Article Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases. The suppression of cathepsin B can inhibit tumor growth. The overexpression of cathepsin B can be used for the imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. PDT targeting of cathepsin B may have a significant potential for selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity. We synthesized a cathepsin B-cleavable polymeric photosensitizer prodrug (CTSB-PPP) that releases pheophorbide a (Pha), an efficient photosensitizer upon activation with cathepsin B. We determined the concentration dependant uptake in vitro, the safety, and subsequent PDT-induced toxicity of CTSB-PPP, and ROS production. CTSB-PPP was cleaved in bone marrow cells (BMCs), which express a high cathepsin B level. We showed that the intracellular fluorescence of Pha increased with increasing doses (3–48 µM) and exerted significant dark toxicity above 12 µM, as assessed by MTT assay. However, 6 µM showed no toxicity on cell viability and ex vivo vascular function. Time-dependent studies revealed that cellular accumulation of CTSB-PPP (6 µM) peaked at 60 min of treatment. PDT (light dose: 0–100 J/cm(2), fluence rate: 100 mW/cm(2)) was applied after CTSB-PPP treatment (6 µM for 60 min) using a special frontal light diffuser coupled to a diode laser (671 nm). PDT resulted in a light dose-dependent reduction in the viability of BMCs and was associated with an increased intracellular ROS generation. Fluorescence and ROS generation was significantly reduced when the BMCs were pre-treated with E64-d, a cysteine protease inhibitor. In conclusion, we provide evidence that CTSB-PPP showed no dark toxicity at low concentrations. This probe could be utilized as a potential imaging agent to identify cells or tissues with cathepsin B activity. CTSB-PPP-based PDT results in effective cytotoxicity and thus, holds great promise as a therapeutic agent for achieving the selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity. MDPI 2022-04-30 /pmc/articles/PMC9146285/ /pubmed/35631388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050564 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Jain, Manish Bouilloux, Jordan Borrego, Ines Cook, Stéphane van den Bergh, Hubert Lange, Norbert Wagnieres, Georges Giraud, Marie-Noelle Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies |
title | Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies |
title_full | Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies |
title_fullStr | Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies |
title_full_unstemmed | Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies |
title_short | Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies |
title_sort | cathepsin b-cleavable polymeric photosensitizer prodrug for selective photodynamic therapy: in vitro studies |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9146285/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35631388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050564 |
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