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A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children

BACKGROUND: Consuming live microbes in foods may benefit human health. Live microbe estimates have not previously been associated with individual foods in dietary databases. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate intake of live microbes in US children (aged 2–18 y) and adults (≥19 y) (n = 74,466; 51.2% fe...

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Autores principales: Marco, Maria L, Hutkins, Robert, Hill, Colin, Fulgoni, Victor L, Cifelli, Christopher J, Gahche, Jaime, Slavin, Joanne L, Merenstein, Daniel, Tancredi, Daniel J, Sanders, Mary E
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9258558/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35583208
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac074
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author Marco, Maria L
Hutkins, Robert
Hill, Colin
Fulgoni, Victor L
Cifelli, Christopher J
Gahche, Jaime
Slavin, Joanne L
Merenstein, Daniel
Tancredi, Daniel J
Sanders, Mary E
author_facet Marco, Maria L
Hutkins, Robert
Hill, Colin
Fulgoni, Victor L
Cifelli, Christopher J
Gahche, Jaime
Slavin, Joanne L
Merenstein, Daniel
Tancredi, Daniel J
Sanders, Mary E
author_sort Marco, Maria L
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Consuming live microbes in foods may benefit human health. Live microbe estimates have not previously been associated with individual foods in dietary databases. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate intake of live microbes in US children (aged 2–18 y) and adults (≥19 y) (n = 74,466; 51.2% female). METHODS: Using cross-sectional data from the NHANES (2001–2018), experts assigned foods an estimated level of live microbes per gram [low (Lo), <10(4) CFU/g; medium (Med), 10(4)–10(7) CFU/g; or high (Hi), >10(7) CFU/g]. Probiotic dietary supplements were also assessed. The mean intake of each live microbe category and the percentages of subjects who ate from each live microbe category were determined. Nutrients from foods with live microbes were also determined using the population ratio method. Because the Hi category comprised primarily fermented dairy foods, we also looked at aggregated data for Med or Hi (MedHi), which included an expanded range of live microbe–containing foods, including fruits and vegetables. RESULTS: Our analysis showed that 52%, 20%, and 59% of children/adolescents, and 61%, 26%, and 67% of adults, consumed Med, Hi, or MedHi foods, respectively. Per capita intake of Med, Hi, and MedHi foods was 69, 16, and 85 g/d for children/adolescents, and 106, 21, and 127 g/d for adults, respectively. The proportion of subjects who consumed live microbes and overall per capita intake increased significantly over the 9 cycles/18-y study period (0.9–3.1 g/d per cycle in children across categories and 1.4 g/d per cycle in adults for the Med category). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that children, adolescents, and adults in the United States steadily increased their consumption of foods with live microbes between the earliest (2001–2002) and latest (2017–2018) survey cycles. Additional research is needed to determine the relations between exposure to live microbes in foods and specific health outcomes or biomarkers.
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spelling pubmed-92585582022-07-07 A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children Marco, Maria L Hutkins, Robert Hill, Colin Fulgoni, Victor L Cifelli, Christopher J Gahche, Jaime Slavin, Joanne L Merenstein, Daniel Tancredi, Daniel J Sanders, Mary E J Nutr Nutritional Epidemiology BACKGROUND: Consuming live microbes in foods may benefit human health. Live microbe estimates have not previously been associated with individual foods in dietary databases. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate intake of live microbes in US children (aged 2–18 y) and adults (≥19 y) (n = 74,466; 51.2% female). METHODS: Using cross-sectional data from the NHANES (2001–2018), experts assigned foods an estimated level of live microbes per gram [low (Lo), <10(4) CFU/g; medium (Med), 10(4)–10(7) CFU/g; or high (Hi), >10(7) CFU/g]. Probiotic dietary supplements were also assessed. The mean intake of each live microbe category and the percentages of subjects who ate from each live microbe category were determined. Nutrients from foods with live microbes were also determined using the population ratio method. Because the Hi category comprised primarily fermented dairy foods, we also looked at aggregated data for Med or Hi (MedHi), which included an expanded range of live microbe–containing foods, including fruits and vegetables. RESULTS: Our analysis showed that 52%, 20%, and 59% of children/adolescents, and 61%, 26%, and 67% of adults, consumed Med, Hi, or MedHi foods, respectively. Per capita intake of Med, Hi, and MedHi foods was 69, 16, and 85 g/d for children/adolescents, and 106, 21, and 127 g/d for adults, respectively. The proportion of subjects who consumed live microbes and overall per capita intake increased significantly over the 9 cycles/18-y study period (0.9–3.1 g/d per cycle in children across categories and 1.4 g/d per cycle in adults for the Med category). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that children, adolescents, and adults in the United States steadily increased their consumption of foods with live microbes between the earliest (2001–2002) and latest (2017–2018) survey cycles. Additional research is needed to determine the relations between exposure to live microbes in foods and specific health outcomes or biomarkers. Oxford University Press 2022-05-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9258558/ /pubmed/35583208 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac074 Text en © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
spellingShingle Nutritional Epidemiology
Marco, Maria L
Hutkins, Robert
Hill, Colin
Fulgoni, Victor L
Cifelli, Christopher J
Gahche, Jaime
Slavin, Joanne L
Merenstein, Daniel
Tancredi, Daniel J
Sanders, Mary E
A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
title A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
title_full A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
title_fullStr A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
title_full_unstemmed A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
title_short A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
title_sort classification system for defining and estimating dietary intake of live microbes in us adults and children
topic Nutritional Epidemiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9258558/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35583208
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac074
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