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Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse

Cancer is a disease of the genome, therefore, its development has a clear Mendelian component, demonstrated by well-studied genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer risk. However, it is known that a single genetic variant is not enough for cancer to develop leading to the theory of multistage...

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Autores principales: Dobosz, Paula, Stempor, Przemysław A., Ramírez Moreno, Miguel, Bulgakova, Natalia A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9273643/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35459932
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00533-1
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author Dobosz, Paula
Stempor, Przemysław A.
Ramírez Moreno, Miguel
Bulgakova, Natalia A.
author_facet Dobosz, Paula
Stempor, Przemysław A.
Ramírez Moreno, Miguel
Bulgakova, Natalia A.
author_sort Dobosz, Paula
collection PubMed
description Cancer is a disease of the genome, therefore, its development has a clear Mendelian component, demonstrated by well-studied genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer risk. However, it is known that a single genetic variant is not enough for cancer to develop leading to the theory of multistage carcinogenesis. In many cases, it is a sequence of events, acquired somatic mutations, or simply polygenic components with strong epigenetic effects, such as in the case of brain tumours. The expression of many genes is the product of the complex interplay between several factors, including the organism’s genotype (in most cases Mendelian-inherited), genetic instability, epigenetic factors (non-Mendelian-inherited) as well as the immune response of the host, to name just a few. In recent years the importance of the immune system has been elevated, especially in the light of the immune checkpoint genes discovery and the subsequent development of their inhibitors. As the expression of these genes normally suppresses self-immunoreactivity, their expression by tumour cells prevents the elimination of the tumour by the immune system. These discoveries led to the rapid growth of the field of immuno-oncology that offers new possibilities of long-lasting and effective treatment options. Here we discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the key mechanisms controlling the expression of immune checkpoint genes in tumour cells.
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spelling pubmed-92736432022-07-13 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse Dobosz, Paula Stempor, Przemysław A. Ramírez Moreno, Miguel Bulgakova, Natalia A. Heredity (Edinb) Article Cancer is a disease of the genome, therefore, its development has a clear Mendelian component, demonstrated by well-studied genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer risk. However, it is known that a single genetic variant is not enough for cancer to develop leading to the theory of multistage carcinogenesis. In many cases, it is a sequence of events, acquired somatic mutations, or simply polygenic components with strong epigenetic effects, such as in the case of brain tumours. The expression of many genes is the product of the complex interplay between several factors, including the organism’s genotype (in most cases Mendelian-inherited), genetic instability, epigenetic factors (non-Mendelian-inherited) as well as the immune response of the host, to name just a few. In recent years the importance of the immune system has been elevated, especially in the light of the immune checkpoint genes discovery and the subsequent development of their inhibitors. As the expression of these genes normally suppresses self-immunoreactivity, their expression by tumour cells prevents the elimination of the tumour by the immune system. These discoveries led to the rapid growth of the field of immuno-oncology that offers new possibilities of long-lasting and effective treatment options. Here we discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the key mechanisms controlling the expression of immune checkpoint genes in tumour cells. Springer International Publishing 2022-04-22 2022-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9273643/ /pubmed/35459932 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00533-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Dobosz, Paula
Stempor, Przemysław A.
Ramírez Moreno, Miguel
Bulgakova, Natalia A.
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
title Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
title_full Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
title_fullStr Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
title_full_unstemmed Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
title_short Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
title_sort transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9273643/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35459932
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00533-1
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