Adult T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma acquires resistance to DNA demethylating agents through dysregulation of enzymes involved in pyrimidine metabolism

Adult T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive neoplasm derived from T‐cells transformed by human T‐cell lymphotropic virus‐1 (HTLV‐1). Recently, we reported that regional DNA hypermethylation in HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cells reflects the disease status of ATL and the anti‐ATL effects of DNA demethylating agents, including azacitidine (AZA), decitabine (DAC) and a new DAC prodrug, OR‐2100 (OR21), which we developed. Here, to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance, we generated AZA‐, DAC‐ and OR21‐resistant (AZA‐R, DAC‐R and OR21‐R, respectively) cells from the ATL cell line TL‐Om1 and the HTLV‐1‐infected cell line MT‐2 via long‐term drug exposure. The efficacy of OR21 was almost the same as that of DAC, indicating that the pharmacodynamics of OR21 were due to release of DAC from OR21. Resistant cells did not show cellular responses observed in parental cells induced by treatment with drugs, including growth suppression, depletion of DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 and DNA hypomethylation. We also found that reduced expression of deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) correlated with lower susceptibility to DAC/OR21 and that reduced expression of uridine cytidine kinase2 (UCK2) correlated with reduced susceptibility to AZA. DCK and UCK2 catalyze phosphorylation of DAC and AZA, respectively; reconstitution of expression reversed the resistant phenotypes. A large homozygous deletion in DCK and a homozygous splice donor site mutation in UCK2 were identified in DAC‐R TL‐Om1 and AZA‐R TL‐Om1, respectively. Both genomic mutations might lead to loss of protein expression. Thus, inactivation of UCK2 and DCK might be a putative cause of phenotypes that are resistant to AZA and DAC/OR21, respectively.