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Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods
Background: An increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with celiac disease (CD) adhering to a gluten-free diet (GFD) was recently reported. The nutritional composition of packaged gluten-free foods (PGFF) has been proposed as a possible cause. This hypothesis has not b...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9316041/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35889899 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142942 |
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author | Raiteri, Alberto Granito, Alessandro Faggiano, Chiara Giamperoli, Alice Catenaro, Teresa Negrini, Giulia Tovoli, Francesco |
author_facet | Raiteri, Alberto Granito, Alessandro Faggiano, Chiara Giamperoli, Alice Catenaro, Teresa Negrini, Giulia Tovoli, Francesco |
author_sort | Raiteri, Alberto |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: An increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with celiac disease (CD) adhering to a gluten-free diet (GFD) was recently reported. The nutritional composition of packaged gluten-free foods (PGFF) has been proposed as a possible cause. This hypothesis has not been investigated further, since a systematic structural nutritional interview for all patients would be problematic in clinical practice. Methods: We administered a simple questionnaire based on a Recency, Frequency, and Monetary value (RFM) analysis (a cornerstone of direct marketing segmentation) to consecutive CD patients on a GFD for >6 months and verified its association with NAFLD. Subgroup analyses were performed to understand whether specific patterns of PGFF consumption were significantly associated with NAFLD. Results: Amongst 147 patients (female 82%, median age 42 years), 45 (30.6%) had NAFLD. Total RFM score (adjusted odds ratio = 1.223, 95% CI: 1.059–1.413, p = 0.006), body mass index, and total cholesterol and triglycerides were independently related to NAFLD, and “Bread and bakery” (p = 0.002), “salty convenience” (p = 0.005), and “sweet convenience” (p = 0.049) products were significantly related with NAFLD. Also, questions about the number of purchased PGFF in the last month (monetary value) and different categories of PGFF consumed in the last week (recency) were particularly able to identify NAFLD patients. Conclusions: The specific GFD dietary habits of CD patients were correlated with the degree of risk of NAFLD. Information was obtained through a questionnaire which could be used in clinical practice to favor a patient-tailored approach and in future studies to verify the reproducibility of our results in different geographical areas. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9316041 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-93160412022-07-27 Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods Raiteri, Alberto Granito, Alessandro Faggiano, Chiara Giamperoli, Alice Catenaro, Teresa Negrini, Giulia Tovoli, Francesco Nutrients Article Background: An increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with celiac disease (CD) adhering to a gluten-free diet (GFD) was recently reported. The nutritional composition of packaged gluten-free foods (PGFF) has been proposed as a possible cause. This hypothesis has not been investigated further, since a systematic structural nutritional interview for all patients would be problematic in clinical practice. Methods: We administered a simple questionnaire based on a Recency, Frequency, and Monetary value (RFM) analysis (a cornerstone of direct marketing segmentation) to consecutive CD patients on a GFD for >6 months and verified its association with NAFLD. Subgroup analyses were performed to understand whether specific patterns of PGFF consumption were significantly associated with NAFLD. Results: Amongst 147 patients (female 82%, median age 42 years), 45 (30.6%) had NAFLD. Total RFM score (adjusted odds ratio = 1.223, 95% CI: 1.059–1.413, p = 0.006), body mass index, and total cholesterol and triglycerides were independently related to NAFLD, and “Bread and bakery” (p = 0.002), “salty convenience” (p = 0.005), and “sweet convenience” (p = 0.049) products were significantly related with NAFLD. Also, questions about the number of purchased PGFF in the last month (monetary value) and different categories of PGFF consumed in the last week (recency) were particularly able to identify NAFLD patients. Conclusions: The specific GFD dietary habits of CD patients were correlated with the degree of risk of NAFLD. Information was obtained through a questionnaire which could be used in clinical practice to favor a patient-tailored approach and in future studies to verify the reproducibility of our results in different geographical areas. MDPI 2022-07-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9316041/ /pubmed/35889899 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142942 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Raiteri, Alberto Granito, Alessandro Faggiano, Chiara Giamperoli, Alice Catenaro, Teresa Negrini, Giulia Tovoli, Francesco Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods |
title | Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods |
title_full | Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods |
title_fullStr | Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods |
title_full_unstemmed | Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods |
title_short | Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Celiac Disease: The Role of Packaged Gluten-Free Foods |
title_sort | hepatic steatosis in patients with celiac disease: the role of packaged gluten-free foods |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9316041/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35889899 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14142942 |
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