TNFα-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Alter Hypothalamic Neurogenesis and Promote Appetite Versus Satiety Neuropeptide Expression in Mice

Maternal obesity results in programmed offspring hyperphagia and obesity. The increased offspring food intake is due in part to the preferential differentiation of hypothalamic neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) to orexigenic (AgRP) vs. anorexigenic (POMC) neurons. The altered neurogenesis may involve hypothalamic bHLH (basic helix–loop–helix) neuroregulatory factors (Hes1, Mash1, and Ngn3). Whilst the underlying mechanism remains unclear, it is known that mitochondrial function is critical for neurogenesis and is impacted by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα. Obesity is associated with the activation of inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. In obese pregnancies, increased levels of TNFα are seen in maternal and cord blood, indicating increased fetal exposure. As TNFα influences neurogenesis and mitochondrial function, we tested the effects of TNFα and reactive oxidative species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on hypothalamic NPC cultures from newborn mice. TNFα treatment impaired NPC mitochondrial function, increased ROS production and NPC proliferation, and decreased the protein expression of proneurogenic Mash1/Ngn3. Consistent with this, AgRP protein expression was increased and POMC was decreased. Notably, treatment with H(2)O(2) produced similar effects as TNFα and also reduced the protein expression of antioxidant SIRT1. The inhibition of STAT3/NFκB prevented the effects of TNFα, suggesting that TNFα mediates its effects on NPCs via mitochondrial-induced oxidative stress that involves both signaling pathways.