Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Spasmodic Dysphonia in Japan: The History and an Update

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare neurological disorder that impairs phonatory function by triggering involuntary and intermittent contractions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. SD is classified into three types: adductor SD (AdSD), abductor SD (AbSD), and mixed SD. Of these, AdSD accounts for 90...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Hyodo, Masamitsu, Hirose, Kahori, Nagao, Asuka, Nakahira, Maya, Kobayashi, Taisuke
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Review
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9319467/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35878189
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070451

Internet

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9319467/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35878189
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070451

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