Development of Fermented Shrimp Shell Product with Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects on Diabetic Rats

In 2020, approximately 9.3 billion tons of crustaceans were consumed, and 45–48% of shrimp shell (SS) by-products were discarded as waste. In this study, the SS of Litopenaeus vannamei was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum LV33204, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LV2122 (strong proteolytic activity), and Aeromonas dhakensis LV1111 (chitin-degrading activity), and the optimal fermentation conditions of liquid-fermented SS was established. Contents of total peptide, astaxanthin, and total phenolic content of the fermented SS were significantly higher than that of unfermented SS. In the presence of fermented SS, glucose uptake and insulin resistance of TNF-α-stimulated FL83B hepatocytes were markedly improved. Furthermore, daily oral supplement of fermented SS to streptozotocin (STZ)/nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats for 7 weeks significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin resistance. Meanwhile, ingestion of fermented SS might enhance hepatic catabolism of glucose by increasing hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and decreasing glucose-6-phosphatase activity. In addition, the fermented SS downregulated plasma total cholesterol (TG), triglycerides (TCs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), liver TG, and TC and lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic rats. In conclusion, a biorefinery process for waste SS was established through mixed strain fermentation. The in vitro and in vivo data reveal that the fermented SS is a promising functional food for the management of diabetic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.