Extracellular Polysaccharide from Rhizopus nigricans Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma via miR-494-3p/TRIM36 Axis and Cyclin E Ubiquitination

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study was designed to uncover the mechanism for extracellular polysaccharide (EPS1-1)-mediated effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. METHODS: HCC cells were treated with EPS1-1, miR-494-3p mimic, sh-TRIM36, and pcDNA3.1-TRIM36. The levels of miR-494-3p and TRIM36 were measured in normal hepatocytes, THLE-2, and HepG2 and HuH7HCC cell lines, along with the protein expression of cyclin D/E and p21. The proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HCC cells were assayed. The interactions between miR-494-3p and TRIM36, and between TRIM36 and cyclin E were assessed. Finally, the expression and localization of TRIM36 and cyclin E were monitored, and tumor apoptosis was detected, in tumor xenograft model. RESULTS: EPS1-1 suppressed HCC cell proliferation and cyclin D/E expression and promoted apoptosis and p21 expression. miR-494-3p was upregulated and TRIM36 was downregulated in HCC cells. Transfection with miR-494-3p mimic or sh-TRIM36 facilitated HCC cell proliferation and the expression of cyclin D/E protein but they inhibited apoptosis and p21 expression in the presence of EPS1-1. Overexpression of TRIM36 further consolidated EPS1-1-mediated inhibition of HCC proliferation, cyclin D/E, and the promotion of apoptosis and p21 expression. Those effects were reversed by miR-494-3p overexpression. TRIM36 was a target gene of miR-494-3p, and TRIM36 induced cyclin E ubiquitination. EPS1-1 suppressed cyclin E expression, promoted TRIM36 expression and tumor apoptosis, all of which were abrogated by increasing the expression of miR-494-3p in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: EPS1-1 protected against HCC by limiting its proliferation and survival through the miR-494-3p/TRIM36 axis and by inducing cyclin E ubiquitination.